El perfil del líder como factor contingente en la adaptación de la estructura organizacional de los Proyectos: Un Análisis Cualitativo en América Latina
Keywords:
América Latina., diseño estructural, Estructura organizacional, gestión de proyectos, liderazgo
Abstract
La gestión de proyectos contemporánea requiere estructuras organizacionales flexibles, capaces de responder a la complejidad, la incertidumbre y el dinamismo de los entornos empresariales actuales. Aunque la literatura ha clasificado tradicionalmente las estructuras de proyectos en funcionales, matriciales y proyectizadas, aún persiste una brecha en la comprensión del papel que desempeña el perfil del líder en la adaptación práctica de dichas estructuras. Este estudio tiene como propósito analizar cómo el perfil del líder de proyecto actúa como factor contingente en la configuración, ajuste y operacionalización de la estructura organizacional de proyectos en América Latina. Se adoptó un enfoque cualitativo de carácter exploratorio, basado en entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a 20 líderes de proyectos de diversos sectores y países de la región. El análisis de los datos se efectuó mediante codificación temática asistida por MAXQDA 24 y análisis exploratorio de coocurrencias semánticas, siguiendo los criterios de rigor cualitativo de credibilidad, transferibilidad, dependencia y confirmabilidad propuestos por Lincoln y Guba (1985). Los resultados muestran que el liderazgo no sustituye la gobernanza organizacional, la PMO ni la estructura corporativa matriz; más bien, opera como una capacidad de agencia situada que permite adaptar roles, flujos de decisión, mecanismos de coordinación y formas de integración dentro de límites institucionales existentes. Los hallazgos contribuyen a la teoría de la contingencia y al diseño organizacional de proyectos al proponer una lectura del liderazgo como modulador estructural en contextos latinoamericanos. Dado el carácter exploratorio del estudio y el tamaño de la muestra, los resultados no buscan generalización estadística, sino transferibilidad analítica para futuras investigaciones empíricas.
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