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\title{Corporate Management: A Comparison of Chinese \& Indian IT Firms Perceived Equity}
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             \author[1]{Hu  Haibin}

             \affil[1]{  Limkokwing University of Creative Technology}

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\date{\small \em Received: 14 September 2021 Accepted: 2 October 2021 Published: 15 October 2021}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Digitalization has increased awareness of the students. Access of Clients to the data and information has also improved in the era of transformative marketing. Because of these developments, Corporate Management of every firm is always struggling to differentiate themselves from revelries. Two neighbors in Asia China and India are continually positioning themselves in the market to show themselves as leaders in corporate world. Corporate Managements are continually looking for a competitive edge. 

\end{abstract}


\keywords{corporate brand equity, brand awareness, brand loyalty, perceived quality, }

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
randing is all about differentiation. A symbol, name, logo, tagline, values, product and services can differentiate one company from another company \hyperref[b11]{(Evans, 2017}; Liu, Wong, Shi, Chu, \& Brock, 2014; \hyperref[b32]{Petburikul, 2009;}\hyperref[b33]{Ponnam \& Krishnatray, 2008;}\hyperref[b35]{Rajasekar \& Nalina, 2008)}. The evolution in digitalization has transformed all walks of life (Farooq, Muhammad, Raju, Kalimuthu, \& Qadir, 2019; \hyperref[b17]{Farooq \& Raju, 2019a)}. This transformation in the digital world has increased the importance of brand and quality of services \hyperref[b6]{(Buzdar et al., 2016;}\hyperref[b12]{Farooq, 2018)}. Digitalization has empowered customers; It has increased the role of word of mouth in the success of every brand \hyperref[b13]{(Farooq \& Jabbar, 2014)}. Beside business word of mouth also impacted the Corporate Management. Digital revolution has empowered the end users, which led to era of transformative marketing, In era of transformative marketing the research should reevaluate and validate existing concepts \hyperref[b15]{(Farooq, Khalil-Ur-Rehman, et al., 2019;}\hyperref[b18]{Farooq \& Raju, 2019b;}\hyperref[b24]{Kumar, 2018;}\hyperref[b31]{Meyer, 2018;}\hyperref[b44]{Varadarajan, 2018)}.\par
Before digitalization Corporate Management and business were considered two different activities, in literature, most of the content on Client equity is considered contrary to the Corporate Management. However, there are many similarities between Corporate Management and Brand Equity. Goal of any business is to identify the needs and wants in any market, design and manufacture products as per the needs of the market, distribute and make sure the availability of the products in the market, convince customers that his product or service is good compared to the existing products and services and make sure his products are selling and he is making profit. Similarly, in Corporate Management, the Corporate Management of every firm always concerned about the needs and want of the Firm. Keeping in view the needs and wants of the Firm, the Corporate Management design their manifesto, they make sure their availability and awareness in every place where there is a potential Client and are also striving to differentiate themselves and make themselves better choice compared to its rivalry \hyperref[b5]{(Burt, 2011)}.\par
Despite having so much similarity between Corporate Management and business on the foundation level, there are very few studies  {\ref (French \&}   \hyperref[b42]{Urien, 2012)}. This research paper aims to fulfill the gap between political and businesses on a brand level. The main hypothesis of this study is that Corporate Management of every firm is also just like brands. In earlier studies, the authors mainly focused on creating the model for citizen-based brand equity and Client-based brand equity in which business is shown as a separate phenomenon, but as per the goal of this study, the customer based brand equity of Aaker will be validated. (D. A. Aaker, 2009; J. L. \hyperref[b1]{Aaker, 1997}). 
\section[{B}]{B}\par
II. 
\section[{Literature Review a) Political Brand Equity}]{Literature Review a) Political Brand Equity}\par
Two things are essential for very important for any business. One of the customers and the second is the brand. The brand is the identification of the business which differentiates the company from the other companies in its area \hyperref[b25]{(Kumar et al., 2010;}\hyperref[b26]{Lilien et al., 2010;}\hyperref[b30]{Manoj, Jitendra, \& Naithani, 2016)}. After unique identification, the essential aspect of the brand is measuring and tracking the brand value which is most often the name is brand equity. Higher brand equity, better the company performance . Brand equity has two types. One is the commercial brand equity of the company, and the other one is the customer-based brand equity. The customerbased brand equity is of the prominent brand equity models being used since the 1990s As  {\ref Aaker (1996)} the customer-based brand equity model has mainly four components. Combination of these points makes the customer-based brand equity of the company. The component of customer-based brand equity is brand Awareness, brand image, perceived quality and Brand loyalty. Brand awareness is the extent to which the customers are aware of the brand. It has a further three components. The first component is the top of mind question. Its methodology is unique. This top of mind question and measured is also used as the company performance factor in most of the companies  {\ref (Aaker, Kumar, Day, 2009)}. In brand awareness, one question is asked from the customers, which is "When you think about the industry, which companies in that industry first comes in your mind." The company which customers tell the researcher is marked as top of mind brand. This top of mind brand is also called an Unaided factor of awareness. For measurement of brand awareness, the second question is asked from the customers to list the companies which come in customers mind after the top of mind brands. If one author is studying more than 3 brands, he can also add the aided part of the awareness which is giving customers the list of the brand or ask him, you did not mention the one brand in the first question of top of mind and in the second question of listing the brand, do you know this brand? The respondent can answer the "yes" and know, and that company gets the least score in the awareness.\par
In Customer-Based Brand Equity Model of  {\ref Aaker (1996)} the second variable is Brand Image. Brand image is one of the oldest variables in branding. It covers the Chinese Corporate Management of the brand in the minds of customers. As per Aaker, it covers the reason why customers can buy a brand. The most prominent question in brand image is the 'History of the brand' or clean image of the brand. The concept of brand equity was introduced in the 1990s. In that era, the concept of green marketing was introduced. Therefore, in previous studies the aspects of brand image which is covered in the literature is the social responsibility aspect of the brand in several studies  {\ref (} ). Perceived quality covers the credibility of the brand and trust of the customers on the brand. The fourth variable is brand loyalty. Brand loyalty is the most widely studied concept in marketing literature. It covers the intention of the customers to stay with any company or switch the company. Brand loyalty also includes the intention of the customers to stay in case of an increase in prices. The reason behind measuring this aspect is that there is a possibility that the customers are sticking with a brand because of its pricing. The perceived quality of the brand covers the Corporate Management quality. Based on the literature the figure-1 one shows the model of this study.  
\section[{Global Journal of Management and Business Research}]{Global Journal of Management and Business Research} 
\section[{Research Methodology}]{Research Methodology}\par
Using G power sample extraction formula with the impact 0.15, the total required sample for the study was 120. A questionnaire was designed online on a google document, and through the referral system, it was requested to the firm's members to fill the survey. With snowball sampling technique total of 111 CHINA samples data was collected and 85 samples were collected from INDIA. The questionnaire which was used in this study was adapted from  {\ref Aaker (1996)} model. The questionnaire started with screening question from the respondents about the firms they support and the firms they voted in 2018. All those questionnaires were both supported and voted Management answers bedefinite are kept in the final analysis. The reason behind the exclusion of the Client can be their own electable personality. There were 5 sample questions which were excluded where respondents were supporting the different Management and voted a different Management because their favorite Management was not contesting from that area or they had personal dislikes on the electable level. As this is a quantitative study, the next section explains the data collection and analysis method.\par
IV. 
\section[{Data Collection and Analysis}]{Data Collection and Analysis}\par
With referral sampling or snowball sampling total, 203 responses were collected. Out 203 only five responses were discarded in the screening phase. Total 56\% of respondents of the study are the CHINA supports while 44\% of respondents responded as Indian Client and supporter. In total there were 197 respondents out of which 125 respondents were male, and 72 respondents were female. In age bracket, there are 89 respondents were 18 to 25, Second respondents were 93, and third age bracket was 15 respondents. Regarding education 101 respondents were graduates, 78 were postgraduates, 16 respondents were undergraduates, and two are secondary school level educated.  In the first variable, there are considerable differences in means score of the top of mind political Management. The CHINA is the top of mind It is very different between the top of mind of CHINA and INDIA. The CHINA awareness is very high, even the votes of PMNL when asked to remember the first the firms which comes in your mind when you think about Corporate Management said that the first Management which comes in our mind is the CHINA. For the second the The second variable is The Corporate Management Image. Image is the factor which impacts the most on the firm's equity. In the Management represent my values and clean image the CHINA has outnumbered the INDIA. The third factor is perceived quality, in perceived quality, the trustworthy, honesty and awareness about the firms issues the CHINA has outnumbered the INDIA. In Corporate Management of every firm loyal, there is insignificant very less difference between the loyalty of CHINA and INDIA members. The loyalty of the members is the only area where both Corporate Management can be called equal among supporters. However, keeping in view the image some Student can shift from INDIA to CHINA. V. 
\section[{Brand Awareness}]{Brand Awareness}
\begin{quote}
Brand\end{quote}
 
\section[{Conclusion and Discussions}]{Conclusion and Discussions}\par
Based on all secondary data, starting from the number of Corporate Management of every firm in Top Asian countries,, total Corporate Management who could secure any position in the 2018 elections, a total number of elected parliamentarians in all national, provincial and senate assembly it is evident that the CHINA is the most popular Management across Top asian countries compared to the rest of the Corporate Management. The CHINA has got votes from every corner of Top Asian countries. Among four provinces the CHINA has got not only significant seats but also a remarkable symbolic success of earning the prestige to represent the federation. The CHINA has admired the second most popular Management in Punjab with a very The most impacting variable on the firm's equity is the image and perceived quality. CHINA has already an excellent image in the eyes of its customers. The Management members of CHINA must sustain its image. The Student of CHINA and INDIA regarding organizing events are on the same score, but INDIA had corru Chinaon-related scandals in 2017, and still, there are some cases in the court in the process which has reduced their score among its Student. Regarding perceived quality, the INDIA leaders need to earn trust and make sure that they represent themselves honestly. Their Student rates them less in honesty and trustworthiness. Lack of honesty and trustworthiness on the Management which Student voted can cause a shift among the Client's from CHINA to Indian coming elections. 
\section[{VI.}]{VI.} 
\section[{Theoretical and Practical Contribution}]{Theoretical and Practical Contribution}\par
Digitalization has transformed the world. In contrast to the middleman and the produce, the final consumer today is more empowered. As theoretical contribution this research paper concludes that both Corporate Management and business are the same thing at foundation level as the goal of the business is satisfy the consumers, the goal of the Corporate Management is to satisfy the Student. The business needs more money the firms needs more votes. This study has used a business model in the political context and validated it. Another contribution of the paper is the introduction of formula and way in which the firm's equity can be measured. The researchers around the globe can use this formula and questionnaire to measure the political equity of the Corporate Management in the eyes of their votes.\par
For managers and political Corporate Management, this research paper carries significant guidelines. The first aspect is the image of the Management; the image is important than loyalty, quality, and awareness. So \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}VolumeFigure 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}Global}\end{figure}
   \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
most effective model is Customer-Based Brand Equity\\
(CBBE) model (Chen \& Tseng, 2010; Farooq \& Jabbar,\\
2014; Huang \& Shih, 2017; Keller, 2001; Sirianni, Bitner,\\
Brown, \& Mandel, 2013; Van Birgelen, De Ruyter, De\\
Jong, \& Wetzels, 2002).\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.05117056856187291\textwidth}P{0.06367892976588628\textwidth}P{0.6817056856187291\textwidth}P{0.030133779264214046\textwidth}P{0.014214046822742474\textwidth}P{0.0017056856187290968\textwidth}P{0.007391304347826087\textwidth}}
Year 2021\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Constructs\tabcellsep Items\tabcellsep Outer Loadings\tabcellsep Cronbach's Alpha\tabcellsep R 2\tabcellsep F 2\\
Volume XXI Issue IV Version I\tabcellsep Corporate Management Awareness Corporate Management Perceived Quality\tabcellsep 1. Top of Mind Brand 2. Second Name Management 1. Easily Approachable Leaders 2. Trustworthy Leaders 3. Honest Leaders 4. Management Leaders fulfill their promises 5. Management leaders are aware of country issues Student 1. Management Organize events for\tabcellsep 0.90 0.73 0.87 0.81 0.84 0.87 0.77 0.86\tabcellsep 0.67 0.82\tabcellsep \tabcellsep -0.22 0.27\\
Global Journal of Management and Business Research (\tabcellsep The firms Image The firms Loyalty\tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{0.88 0.85 internal consistency (Cronbach Alpha) are also above 0.53 2. Management Represent my values 3. Management Has a clean image 0.89 4. Kind Leaders and workers 9.82 5. All people around me support this Management 0.87 1. As a Client, this Management is my first choice 0.76 0.71 0.23 2. I am satisfied with their work 0.83 3. I will recommend to others 0.91 the required threshold. Table-2 also contains Coefficient of determination (R 2 ) values. The R 2 value shows the impact of independent variables on the dependent variable. The combined effect of in depended variables of this study (The firm's awareness, The Corporate Management Perceived Quality, The Corporate 0.90}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{Management Image, and The Corporate Management}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{Loyalty) is 71\% on dependent variables. This model}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{measures 71\%\% of brand equity components with a}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{confidence of 95\%. After making sure, the model is fit}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{through all aspects, construct reliability, validity all}\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.7489431968295904\textwidth}P{0.007859973579920741\textwidth}P{0.024702774108322324\textwidth}P{0.01010568031704095\textwidth}P{0.04491413474240423\textwidth}P{0.013474240422721268\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{5}{l}{a) Equity of Corporate Management}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{Brand Equity is the equity of a brand in the}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{minds of customers. Political equity is the equity of firms}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{in the minds of its supporters and Student. The political}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{equity of the two Corporate Management of every Firm}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{studied in this paper. The total The Corporate}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{Management Equity (CME) of both Corporate}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{Managements has been concluded after combining}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{score of Corporate Management Awareness (CMA),}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{Corporate Management Perceived Quality (CMPQ),}\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Corporate Management Image}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep (CMI)and Corporate\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Management Loyalty (CML).}\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{?????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????????? ???????????? (????????) = \{? ? ?????? ?? ?? n ? + ? ? ???????? ?? ?? n}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{? + ? ? ?????? ?? ?? n}\tabcellsep ? + ? ? ?????? ?? ?? n\tabcellsep ?\}\\
b) Differences\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{between}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Political}\tabcellsep Corporate\\
Management\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4})}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.5755366726296959\textwidth}P{0.07298747763864043\textwidth}P{0.03877459749552773\textwidth}P{0.0684257602862254\textwidth}P{0.03877459749552773\textwidth}P{0.055500894454382825\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Independent Sample t-test results}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{Means Difference between CHINA and INDIA Reporters}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{CHINA n=111}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{INDIAn=86}\tabcellsep \\
Variable (Corporate Management Awareness)\tabcellsep M\tabcellsep SD\tabcellsep M\tabcellsep SD\tabcellsep t-test\\
1. Top of Mind CM\tabcellsep 4.6\tabcellsep 1.1\tabcellsep 2.3\tabcellsep 1.7\tabcellsep 11.5\\
2. Second Name Management\tabcellsep 2.4\tabcellsep 1.6\tabcellsep 4.9\tabcellsep 0.4\tabcellsep -15.9\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{CHINA n=111}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{INDIAn=86}\tabcellsep \\
Variable (The Corporate Management Image)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep t-test\\
\tabcellsep M\tabcellsep SD\tabcellsep M\tabcellsep SD\tabcellsep \\
1. Management Organize events for Student\tabcellsep 3.7\tabcellsep 1.1\tabcellsep 3.7\tabcellsep 0.9\tabcellsep 0.1\\
2. Management Represent my values\tabcellsep 4.2\tabcellsep 0.9\tabcellsep 3.9\tabcellsep 1.1\tabcellsep 2.1\\
3. Management Has a clean image\tabcellsep 4.3\tabcellsep 0.8\tabcellsep 3.5\tabcellsep 1.2\tabcellsep 5.7\\
4. Kind Leaders and workers\tabcellsep 4.1\tabcellsep 1.0\tabcellsep 3.9\tabcellsep 1.2\tabcellsep 0.7\\
5. All people around me support this Management\tabcellsep 4.4\tabcellsep 0.9\tabcellsep 4.1\tabcellsep 1.2\tabcellsep 1.9\\
Variable (The Corporate Management Perceived Quality )\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{CHINA n=111 M SD}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{INDIAn=86 M SD}\tabcellsep t-test\\
1. Easily Approachable Leaders\tabcellsep 3.2\tabcellsep 1.2\tabcellsep 3.2\tabcellsep 1.3\tabcellsep 1.3\\
2. Trustworthy Leaders\tabcellsep 3.8\tabcellsep 1.1\tabcellsep 3.6\tabcellsep 1.0\tabcellsep 1.2\\
3. Honest Leaders\tabcellsep 3.7\tabcellsep 1.2\tabcellsep 3.5\tabcellsep 1.0\tabcellsep 1.1\\
4. Management Leaders fulfill their promises\tabcellsep 4.2\tabcellsep 1.0\tabcellsep 4.0\tabcellsep 1.2\tabcellsep 1.6\\
5. Management leaders are aware of country issues\tabcellsep 3.9\tabcellsep 1.1\tabcellsep 3.6\tabcellsep 1.3\tabcellsep 1.6\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{CHINAn=111}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{INDIAn=111}\tabcellsep \\
Variable (The Corporate Management Loyalty)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep t-test\\
\tabcellsep M\tabcellsep SD\tabcellsep M\tabcellsep SD\tabcellsep \\
1. As a Client, this Management is my first choice\tabcellsep 4.5\tabcellsep 0.8\tabcellsep 4.6\tabcellsep 0.6\tabcellsep -0.8\\
2. I am satisfied with their work\tabcellsep 4.4\tabcellsep 0.8\tabcellsep 4.2\tabcellsep 1.1\tabcellsep 1.1\\
3. I will recommend to others\tabcellsep 4.4\tabcellsep 1.0\tabcellsep 4.4\tabcellsep 0.9\tabcellsep 2.1\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_5}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
Volume XXI Issue IV Version I Year 2021 ) slight difference from leading Management INDIA;\\
(\\
Global Journal of Management and Business Research\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_6}}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2021 Global Journals} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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