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\title{Gender as a Moderator and its Moderating Effect on Relationship between Face Book usage and the Academic Performance of Government University Undergraduates in Sri Lanka}
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             \author[1]{P.D.V.Charika  Wickramaratne}

             \affil[1]{  University of Kelaniya}

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\date{\small \em Received: 6 December 2018 Accepted: 2 January 2019 Published: 15 January 2019}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


From this Article, it is considered that the moderating effect of gender, for Facebook usage, and the academic performance of government university undergraduates in Sri Lanka. From 984 government university undergraduates were the respondents of this study, and the respondents were from the University of Peradeniya, University of Kelaniya, University of Colombo, and University of Sri Jayewardenepura. Gender is a moderate variable for the study. And there are 534 male undergraduate respondents, and 450 female respondents responded to the questionnaire. Using a multi - group analysis method identified the moderating effect on both male and female groups. According to the analysis results, proved that gender moderates the relationship between social media usage (Facebook) and the academic performance of the government university undergraduates in Sri Lanka.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{university undergraduates, facebook usage, 1academic performance, gender.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
n the modern world, community, including, university students facing more health risks because of using digital devices in the in-proper way. Therefore a high level of stress, lack of physical activity, poor diet habits, social isolation, and can be identified.  {\ref (Shao et al. 2017)} Thus their digital wellness (using digital devices effectively and efficiently) is the fact to achieve their targets in the academic field.\par
Therefore when giving attention to the academic performance of undergraduates and their wellness, student's digital wellness will be a major focus. Thus within this age of technology, establishing boundaries and healthy guidelines for relationships of humans with the technology will be a sustainable approval to maintain elements of their non -digital wellness.
\begin{quote}
Figure 1\end{quote}
\par
Most of the University students are in the age between 19-25 years. According to the above graph in the USA most of the internet users are age 18-29 when comparing to previous years there is a gradual increase in using the internet , of above age between 18-29. It is an example that university undergraduate is using digital devices because they are also in the same age category. According to Barnet (2010,) most of the time, people age between18-29 are the high users of social media such as face book between years 2005-2010. 
\section[{Figure 2 Generational Differences in online activities}]{Figure 2 Generational Differences in online activities}
\begin{quote}
Figure 3\end{quote}
\par
Figure 3 also confirms that most of the population from "X" and "Y" generation are using digital devices for entertainment rather than using them for educational purposes in the world. 
\section[{Frequency of using Social Media}]{Frequency of using Social Media}\par
In the year 2017, Ali et al., from their study found that 261 of students were used face book for more than Hour per a day. According to the study the usage of face book one hour per a day is only 3\%, of the students. All the other users of Facebook is more than one hour per day. Most of them are using facebook for socializing and entertainment. Abusbiha's and Mustaffa 62 (2014), by citing Carr (2008), found that poor academic performance can be seen from students who are using the internet regularly. According to Hamilton (2009), most of the college students who are engaging in Facebook for more time, earn lower grade point average (GPA), than the students who are not logged in the face book for more time.  {\ref Ali et al. (2017)}, by siting Kuppuswamy and Narayan (2010), found that those who are using social media for entertainment rather than using them for academic work, will gain lower grade point averages. More over According to khan (2012), more Facebook usage is negatively affected by the academic performance of college students. 
\section[{Internet usage statistics in Sri Lanka}]{Internet usage statistics in Sri Lanka}\par
Weerasendara (2015) states that as a result of using in social media frequently, people were committed to suicide in Sri Lanka. There are 21 million people who live in Sri Lanka, and mobile phone usage is 22 million \hyperref[b3]{(Jinadasa, 2016)}. Also, the usage of mobile phones within the youth is increasing rapidly. According to Ananda et al.\par
(2015),Sri Lankan University undergraduates are spending more time to deal with internet activities such as social networking gaming and massaging. Thus from this study it is found that the moderating effect of gender for Facebook usage and the academic performance of government university undergraduates in Sri Lanka. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Problem Statement}]{Problem Statement}\par
People who live around the world are facing health -related matters because of using technological advancements in the wrong way. Mok et al. (2014) found that using smartphones regularly, keeps students away from physical activities, and academic work. Also, they reduce their sensory perception. When Undergraduates continuously faced with sensory overload (Misra \& Stikols, 2012), the memorizing power and the learning capacity will be reduced. World Health Organization (WHO 2018) also states that importance about digital wellness (using digital devices in the proper way) among the affected population by the use of an unhealthy way of digital technology, especially social media, university undergraduates have been highlighted . Several researchers found that because of the using in proper way of digital technology, negatively affected the university students' academic performance. Thus it is useful to research the moderating effect of gender on the relationship between Facebook usage and the academic performance of government university undergraduates in Sri Lanka. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Objective of the Study}]{Objective of the Study}\par
The main objective of this study is, to identify that gender moderates the relationship between Facebook usage and the academic performance of government university undergraduates in Sri Lanka.\par
IV. 
\section[{Research Method}]{Research Method}\par
This study was conducted by secondary data. Primary data points Likert scale One state strongly disagree, and five indicate strongly disagree. The neutral. Respondents were the government university undergraduates, from the University University of Kelaniya, University of Sri Jayawardhanepura. One thousand and twenty (1020) questionnaires were distributed among the students, and one thousand, and ten questioners were returned. After removing incomplete deleting outliers 984 questionnaires were selected for the analysis. Multi group CFA analysis method used for the analysis.\par
V. 
\section[{Conceptual Frame Work}]{Conceptual Frame Work}\par
Conceptual moderate effect of gender to relationship between Facebook usage and the academic performance of the government university under graduates. Facebook usage is the independent variable and the academic performance is the dependent variable. Moreover the gender of the respondents took as the moderate variable of the study. 
\section[{VI.}]{VI.} 
\section[{Hypothesis of the Study}]{Hypothesis of the Study}\par
Based on the conceptual framework main hypothesis was created to analyze the moderate impact as mentioned below.\par
H1: Gender moderates the relationship between Facebook usage and academic performance. 
\section[{VII.}]{VII.} 
\section[{Analysis}]{Analysis}\par
To estimate the moderating effect of the moderate variable multi -group CFA analysis method is one of the common analysis method. (J.A.P.  {\ref Kumari}  Both constrained and unconstrained models were run separately for estimate their chi-square. From the next step it was identified the deference of chi-square values between constrained and unconstrained models. If the difference between constrained and unconstrained models more than 3.84 with one degree of freedom, there is a moderation occurs in the selected path (J.A.P. Kumari ET. Al. 2019) Zainudin, 2012 to identify the moderating impact of the two paths, study has followed this method separately.  
\section[{Gender (G)}]{Gender (G)}\par
Facebook Usage (FBU) 
\section[{Academic Performance (AP)}]{Academic Performance (AP)}\par
Table \hyperref[tab_1]{1} shows the difference in Chi-square value of the constrained model and the unconstrained model. Chi-square value for the constrained model of the male was 1683.8 and unconstrained model indicates 1329.1. The Chi-square difference between the two models (Constrained model and unconstrained model) was 354.7, which is higher than 3.84. Thus the moderation result was significant. The second (2nd) table shows the difference between Chi-square value of model and the unconstrained model. Chi-square value for the constrained model of females was 1786.8, and the unconstrained model indicates 1405.7. The Chisquare difference between two Models (Constrained and unconstrained model) was 381.1, which is more than 3.84. Therefore the moderation result was significant. The Model fit summary table for male, the table represents the summary of the model fit. It indicates the model fit indices of constrained and unconstrained models for male on Facebook usage to Academic Performance. CFI (comparative fit index) TLI(Trucker-Luwis index), NFI (Normed fit index) were higher than 0.9. That indicates the RAMSEA (Root mean -square error of Approximation), (Holms-Smit 2000) for both constrained and unconstrained models were lower than 0.08.Threrefore the model was perfectly fit. The moderation test was significant for the relationship between Facebook usage and academic performance.  
\section[{Path}]{Path} 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
In the modern world, people face health risks because of using digital devices in an incorrect way. In this situation university students are also highlighted, using of high range of digital devices. Especially mobile phones. Although several studies have proved that there is a negative impact on Facebook usage and the academic performance of university undergraduates, this study was investigated the moderating effect of gender on the relationship between Facebook usage and the academic. Performance of government universities undergraduates in Sri Lanka. To identify the moderating effect, use the multi -group analysis method. The test was significant for all paths. Chi-square deference between the constrained model and the unconstrained model was higher than 3.84 with 1 degree of freedom. Thus in conclusion. It has proved that gender moderates the relationship between Facebook usage and the academic performance of government university undergraduates in Sri Lanka.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{figure2}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{figure3}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{figure4}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{figure5}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png}
\caption{\label{figure6}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.10365853658536585\textwidth}P{0.020731707317073172\textwidth}P{0.11920731707317074\textwidth}P{0.025914634146341462\textwidth}P{0.16585365853658537\textwidth}P{0.025914634146341462\textwidth}P{0.046646341463414634\textwidth}P{0.020731707317073172\textwidth}P{0.16585365853658537\textwidth}P{0.15548780487804878\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Path Gender}\tabcellsep Constrained Model\tabcellsep df\tabcellsep Unconstrained model (X 2 )\tabcellsep DF\tabcellsep ?X 2\tabcellsep ?df\tabcellsep Results on moderation\tabcellsep Results on hypothesis\\
FB to ACP\tabcellsep Male\tabcellsep 1683.8\tabcellsep 934\tabcellsep 1329.1\tabcellsep 933\tabcellsep 354.7\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep Significant\tabcellsep Supported\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 1}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2019 Global Journals} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{document}
