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\title{Dividend and Stock Repurchase Announcement in Tunisia: A Signaling Approach}
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             \author[1]{Taleb  Lotfi}

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\date{\small \em Received: 7 December 2017 Accepted: 3 January 2018 Published: 15 January 2018}

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\begin{abstract}
        


The objective of the present paper is to add the understanding of stock price reaction at two kinds of events: (1) The announcement of dividend and (2) the announcement of stock repurchase. To do so we develop a traditional event studies.In the case of the first kind of event, the results obtained are not consistent with information content of dividend: The market does not react significantly to the announcement of dividend. Although a negative reaction is observed when the announcement is a decrease of dividend level. This announcement may be interpreted as a negative signal.For stock repurchase announcement also, we do not observe significant reaction of the market around the event period but a significant and a negative reaction is observed over the event period.This results do not support the signaling theory the Tunisian market may be fully anticipate ant that so incorporate this events on the market price.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{dividend announcement, share repurchases, event study, emerging market, signaling theory.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
everal explanatory theories have been proposed to explain the behavior of firms when setting his payment but no consensus was until now found. Firm can distribute cash by several methods in particularly by dividend or by stock repurchase.\par
Under the assumption of perfect market Modigliani and \hyperref[b56]{Miller (1961)} demonstrate that the dividend policy no matter and then firm's dividend policy does not affect its value. They show that what really counts is the firm's investment policy as long as investment policy doesn't change. In other words in an ideal world (without tax and any restrictions) therefore dividend payments would have no impact on the shareholders' value. In the real world, however a change in the dividend policy is often followed by change in the market value of stocks. The economic argument for investor' preference to dividend income was offered by  {\ref Graham-Dodd (1951)}. Subsequently, \hyperref[b65]{Walter (1956)} and  {\ref Gordon (1959 and} {\ref 1962)} forwarded the dividend relevancy idea, which has been formalized into a theory, postulating that current stock price would reflect the present value of all expected dividend payments in the future.\par
Under the assumption of imperfect market many others theories were also developed, in particularly the signaling approach and the information content of dividend. This theory state that dividends are a significant source of information and then can communicate valuable information about present or maybe future value of the firm. Under this approach, firms with good news, rather making a simple announcement, can choose to increase the distribution of the cash for shareholders either by dividend or by stock repurchases despite the costs associated with paying those dividends or repurchases.\par
In this article we propose to examine the payout policy of the Tunisian firms under the signaling hypothesis and then to test the reaction of the announcement of dividend and stock repurchase made by firms listed in Tunisian Stock Exchange (TSE).\par
This article is organized as follow: Section 1 we developed a review of studies of the dividend policy and stock repurchase under signaling approach. Section 2we present the application of the methodology of event studies to test dividend and stock repurchase announcement in Tunisia Section 3 concludes. 
\section[{II.}]{II.}\par
Dividend Policy and Stock Re-Purchase under Signaling Hypothesis: A Survey a) Dividend Policy Many signaling model were developed in theory the best known are those of \hyperref[b64]{Ross (1977)}; \hyperref[b21]{Bhattacharaya (1979)}), \hyperref[b58]{Miller and Rock (1985)}, \hyperref[b50]{Kalay (1980)}, Bar-Yosef and Hoffman (1986), \hyperref[b4]{John and Williams (1987)}, \hyperref[b19]{Bernheim (1991)},  {\ref Kumar (1988)}. All these theory and models proposed explain how firms can use the dividend as a signal and then may explain why firms pay out so many dividends. These models assumed that firms use dividend changes to signal changes in future earnings or cash flows and then associated to current or future profitability of the firm.\par
Other models show that the good news in a dividend increase is not about (expected) increases in future cash flow but it might concern also a decline in (systematic) risk. This result is tested particularly by  {\ref Grullon, Michaely, and Swaminathan (2002)} with their maturity hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, firms increase dividends when growth opportunities decline, JEL Classification: which leads to a decrease in the firm's systematic risk and profitability.\par
Empirically most paper tries to test the signaling power of dividend and then the hypothesis of information content of dividends. According to this hypothesis changes in dividends can convey information to the market about also current and future earnings.\par
Trying to test to information content of dividend \hyperref[b61]{Pettit (1972)} showed that a significant price increase follows announcements of dividend increases, and a significant price drop follows announcements of dividend decreases in the same way, \hyperref[b0]{Aharony and Swary (1980)} showed that these price changes hold even after they controlled for contemporaneous earnings announcements. Using a comprehensive sample of dividend changes of at least 10\% over the period 1967-1993, Grullon, Michaely, and Swaminathan (2002) found that the average abnormal return to dividend increases was 1.34\% and the average abnormal market reaction to dividend decreases was 3.71\%\par
Asquith and Mullins (1983) (dividend initiations), \hyperref[b43]{Healy and Palepu (1988)}, and Michaely, Thaler and Womack (1995) (dividend initiations and omissions) focused on extreme changes in dividend policy. Their research showed that the market reacts quite severely to those announcements. The average excess return is 3.4\% for initiation and -7\% for omissions.\par
Michaely, Thaler, and Womack (1995) examined this issue and found that when they controlled for the change in yield, the announcement of an omission had a larger impact on prices than did an announcement of an initiation. They also reported that the effect of a unit change in yield had a greater effect on prices for initiations than it did for omissions. The price impact may explain, to some extent, why managers are so reluctant to cut dividends. \hyperref[b67]{Watts (1973)} was the first to test the proposition that the knowledge of current dividends improves the predictions of future earnings, over and above knowledge of current and past earnings. Using 310 firms with complete dividends and earnings information for the years 1946-67, and annual definitions of dividends and earnings, Watts tested whether earnings in year t+1 could be explained by the current (year t) and past (year t-1) levels of dividend and earnings. For each firm in the sample, Watts estimated the current and past dividend coefficients (while controlling for earnings). Although he found that the average dividend coefficients across firms were positive, the average tstatistic was very low. In fact, only the top 10\% of the coefficients were marginally significant. Using changes in levels yielded similar results.\par
Benartzi, Michaely, and Thaler (1997) investigate the relation between dividend changes and future changes in earnings. They measure earnings changes relative to the industry average changes in earnings that they adjusted for earnings momentum and for mean reversion in earnings. Two robust results emerge. First, there is a very strong lagged and contemporaneous correlation between dividend changes and earnings changes. When dividends are increased earnings have gone up. There is no evidence of a positive relation between dividend changes and future earnings changes. In the two years following the dividend increase, earnings changes were unrelated to the sign and magnitude of the dividend change.\par
Using the three-factor model of Fama-French, Grullon, Michaely and Swaminathan (2002) find abnormal returns of around 8.3\% during the three years following the year of the increase but they did detect no abnormal performance for firms that have cut their dividends. Michaely, Thaler and Womack (1995) found an adjusted market return of about 25\% after three years following an introduction and an abnormal return of 15\% for the three years following a failure.\par
Nissim and Ziv (  {\ref 2001}) offer yet another look at this problem. They attempt to explain future innovation in earnings by the change in dividend, like \hyperref[b17]{Benartzi, Michaely, and Thaler (1997)}. They argue that a good control for mean reversion is the ratio of earnings to the book value of equity (ROE) and add it as an additional explanatory variable. They advocate the inclusion of ROE to improve the model of expected earnings and using several independent variables in addition to ROE, Benartzi, Michaely, and Thaler (1997) do not find any significant relation between current changes in dividends and future changes in earnings.\par
In another study, Deangelo, Deanglo and Skinner (1996) examined a sample of 145 companies whose annual earnings change is negative after 9 consecutive years of positive changes. And year 0 is considered the first year of decline for several years. Their test is based primarily on the decision taken during the year 0, which have scared some information content for investors and ensure is that this decline is temporary or permanent. The empirical results of DeAngelo, De Angelo and Skinner (1996) do not support the hypothesis that a favorable decision which is manifested by an increase in dividends is a signal for future earnings of the firm. There is no evidence for the 99 firms studied that increased profits always leads to an increase in the same direction of dividends. Thus the results of this study do not go with the signaling theory and especially that dividends can be used as an informational vehicle.\par
Ofer and Siegel (1987) used a sample of 781 observed change in dividends to examine how financial analysts adjust their forecasts of current earnings as a response to the change observed at the level of dividends. They found that analysts react to changes made at the level of dividends and revise their forecasts by an amount which was positively correlated with the size of the changes made at the level of dividends. They in addition, put in evidence that the revised forecast is positively correlated with the market reaction to the announcement of the dividend.\par
In a different context than the U.S., Amihud and Murgia (1997) examined dividend policy of German companies, where dividends are taxed less than most capital gain. In this context, and based on the model of signaling in the presence of signaling costs as developed by  {\ref John and Williams (1995)}, \hyperref[b19]{Bernheim (1991)} and \hyperref[b2]{Allen, Bernardo and Welch (2000)}, Amihud and Murgia (1997) find no informational power from a change in the dividends of German companies. Indeed no price reaction was observed around a change in dividends. However despite this disappointing result for the signaling hypothesis, So from this review of empirical work we can say that the empirical evidence does not validate the models of signaling by dividends: the relationship between the change in dividends and earnings change is the opposite of what the theory implies. Indeed, if firms are distinguished by the dividends, the signal does not provide information or future earnings or growth of the cash flows of the firm and the market does not perceive the signal. There is a slight variation during the years after the change but this change is not attributed to the dividend as a vector informational but rather a change in the level of risk as perceived by the market. 
\section[{b) Share Repurshase}]{b) Share Repurshase}\par
Most researchers and managers agree that share repurchases convey information, which reflects the economic motivations behind repurchase decisions  {\ref (Brav, Graham, Harvey, and Michaely (2005)}). The literature proposes two potential ways that managers can use share repurchases as signals to overcome the information asymmetry that exists between principal and agents. The first rationale is the signaling hypothesis (Bhattacharya (1979), \hyperref[b58]{Miller and Rock (1985)}, and Vermaelen (1984)), which suggests that managers who have private information about future cash flows can use repurchases as a signal of future profitability. The signaling hypothesis implies that profitability will improve after share repurchases. The second rationale is the free cash-flow hypothesis, which suggests that firms repurchase their shares to mitigate potential waste of cash by management \hyperref[b46]{(Jensen (1986)}). The theory suggests that firms that have been experiencing a reduction in growth opportunities are more likely to repurchase their shares, leaving fewer funds available to invest in uneconomic projects. When the value of growth options represents a lower portion of the firm's total value, the overall risk of the firm will decline (because the growth options of the firm are likely to be riskier than the assets in place). Therefore, the free cash-flow hypothesis also implies that firms" systematic risk will decrease after repurchase decisions.\par
According to the signaling theory we found models that imply dividends and repurchases as perfect substitutes (Bhattacharya (1979)), the signaling cost is the transaction cot associated with raising new capital, and in \hyperref[b58]{Miller and Rock (1985)}, it is the cost of reducing investments. Neither is related to the choice of payout. An exception is the John and Williams (1985) model, in which the higher taxes on dividend are the costs of the signal. This model suggests that share repurchases and dividends are not interchangeable. Allen, Bernardo, and Welch (2000) develop a model in which share repurchases and dividends are not substitutes because the latter payout method attracts institutions.\par
Many studies also tried to test the price impact of announcement of stock repurchase program. \hyperref[b29]{Dann (1981)}, Vermaelen (1981),  {\ref Comment and Jarell (1991)}, Stephens and Weisbach (1998), \hyperref[b44]{Ikenberry et al. (1995)}, Grullon and Michaely (2004all find a significant abnormal price increase surrounding repurchase authorization announcements in the US of around 3\%, indicating that repurchase announcements have a positive economic benefit for shareholders. \hyperref[b44]{Ikenberry et al. (1995)} argue that if managers can detect undervaluation of the firm's shares and therefore decide to buy back shares, the announcement of the repurchase program is a valuable signal to the less informed marketplace. If the capital market is semiefficient, the new equilibrium price should immediately fully reflect the "true" value of the new information. However, studies such as \hyperref[b44]{Ikenberry et al. (1995}\hyperref[b45]{Ikenberry et al. ( , 2000))}, Chan et al.  {\ref (2004)}, Zhang (2005), and Peyer and Vermaelen (2009) find long-run abnormal returns up to 48 months following repurchase announcements. Thus, the market seems to under react to the information conveyed in repurchase announcements. Why the market reaction extends for such a long time is still puzzling. One explanation for the reported long-run excess returns is that they could be caused by chance and may be sample specific as argued by Kothari and Warner (1997), and  {\ref Fama (1998)}.  {\ref Bartov (1991)},  {\ref Comment and Jarrell (1991)}, and Lie (2005) favor the signaling hypothesis, whereas Jagannathan and Stephens (2003), \hyperref[b41]{Grullon and Michaely (2004)}, and \hyperref[b52]{Li and McNally (2007)} favor the free cash flow hypothesis. This controversy may be due to the uncommitted nature of repurchase announcements \hyperref[b51]{(Lie (2005)}. 
\section[{III.}]{III.}\par
The Effect of Annoucement of Dividend and Repurchases on Tunisian Shareholders 
\section[{a) Methodology}]{a) Methodology}\par
In this section we try to test the impact of the announcement of the dividend and stock repurchase observed in TSE. Therefore we adopt to test our hypotheses, the methodologies of event studies. This 
\section[{Global Journal of Management and Business Research}]{Global Journal of Management and Business Research}\par
Volume XVIII Issue I Version I Year ( )C\par
approach was initially used by \hyperref[b12]{Ball and Brown (1968)} to study the impact of the announcement of annual results of companies on stock prices and was later opted b by  {\ref Fama, Fisher, and Roll (1969)} who, based on monthly data and referring to the market model have demonstrated the benefit of this approach for measuring the impact of an announcement on stock prices and hence the degree of market efficiency.\par
To apply this methodology of event studies we must define a number of parameters in particularly to define the event, the event of and the event window. The event studies suppose also to determine the selection criteria to calculate the abnormal return (AR) which is the actual return over the event window minus the normal return over the event period. The normal return is defined as the expected return without conditioning on the event taking place.\par
For firm i and event date t the abnormal return can be given as follow:) 1 ( ) ( it it it R E R AR ? =\par
Where E(Ri,t) is can be computed using various methods. The methods tested in this paper include Mean Adjusted Abnormal Returns (MEAR) and Market Adjusted Abnormal Return (MAAR). MEAR: Is the mean of adjusted return calculated over the estimation period MAARit is the market adjusted abnormal return for security i over time t Rit is the time t return on security i, calculated as (Pit -Pit-1)/Pit-1. Where, Pit is the market losing price of stock i on day t. Pit-1 is the market closing price of stock i on day t-1.\par
Rmt is the time t return on the Tunisia stock exchange all-share price index calculated as (It-It-1)/It-1. Where, Iit is the market index on day t. It-1 is the market index on day t-1.\par
The market adjusted abnormal return (MAAR) or the Mean Adjust Abnormal Return (MEAR) shows the change in individual stock's value due to the dividend announcement. As the percentage change in mean (average return) or market index (average market price) is deducted, the remainder gives us the unsystematic portion of the value change, which is specific to that particular stock resulting from its dividend announcement. MEAR or MAAR are calculated over a period starting to -25 days to +25 days relative to the dividend announcement day (0-day)\par
The second measure used is cumulative abnormal returns (CAR), which measures the investors' total return over a period starting from well before the announcement of dividend to well after the dividend announcement day. We use a window period starting from -25-day to +25-day relative to the dividend announcement day (0-day).\par
CAR is computed as follows:) 2 ( 1 ? = = j t t t MEAR CAR And ) 3 ( 1 ? = = j t t t 
\section[{MAAR CAR}]{MAAR CAR}\par
Where, CARt is cumulative abnormal return, MAARtand MEARt are defined above, j denotes the day -25 through day +25.\par
Finally, we used parametric test to determine the statistical significance of market adjusted average abnormal return of dividend paying stocks over the window period (-30 day to +30 day relative to dividend announcement). The t-statistics were calculated the standard deviation of abnormal returns of the portfolio of 196 dividend-paying stocks. Moreover, t-test suggested in  {\ref Brown and Warner (1980)} is also applied to test the statistical significance of the cumulative abnormal returns. 
\section[{b) Samples Description}]{b) Samples Description}\par
The sample includes 39 companies listed on the Tunisian Stock Exchange (TSE) who announced dividends between years 1996-2004. The total announcement of dividend is about of 196 announcements. This sample is afterwards subdivided afterwards according to the variation of dividend then we have three sub-samples: The first with firms that increase their dividend level between year t and year t-1 with 64observations, the second include firms that decide do not change their dividend ratio between year t and year t-1 with83 observations and finally firms that decrease their dividend between year t and t-1 with 49 observations.\par
Concerning the announcement of stock repurchases we consider a 17observed between years 2001-2002. 
\section[{c) Empirical Findings and Analyses}]{c) Empirical Findings and Analyses}\par
i. Dividend Annoucement Findings (insert Table \hyperref[tab_0]{1and} Graph 1) shows that average mean adjusted abnormal return (MEAR) on the day of dividend announcement were only 1.4 percent, which was not statistically significant. This could be due to the fact that the information of dividend payment often leaks out to the market a few days before the announcement made by the company. Hence, the announcement of dividend normally carries' no surprise to the market.\par
This findings was confirmed by the use of the Market Adjusted Abnormal Return (MAAR)(insert Table2); the abnormal return is about 1.42 percent but it's not statistically significant. Also we don't find any abnormal return during days before the announcement. During the post announcement periods (day +1 to +25), all MAARs are insignificant. Overall, MAAR results 
\section[{36}]{36} 
\section[{Global Journal of Management and Business Research}]{Global Journal of Management and Business Research}\par
Volume XVIII Issue I Version I Year ( )C\par
suggest that the effect of dividend announcement is not strong in Tunisian Stock Exchange.\par
In the case of increase of dividends, which is interpreted according to the theory of signal as a positive signal sent to the market and allowing information about an improvement in firm performance, the results (insert table 3 and graph 4) do not validate the hypothesis of the theory of signal, as long as no statistically significant and positive reaction was observed. This result found witch not consistent with the hypothesis of information content of dividends may be explained by the fact that the decision of increase in TSE was already anticipated by the market.\par
The only abnormal adjusted return observed decrease about -0.14 percent is observed a day following the announcement of dividend day without being statistically significant. This abnormal return can be explained by the attitude of some investors who are assumed to be uninformed and who had anticipated an increase and then try to revise their anticipations.\par
In the case of maintaining of the same dividend level of the previous year, the findings (insert table 4 and graph4)showed no significant abnormal returns around the announcement date, the abnormal returns are near zero. This result, which implies that the announcement is fully anticipated by the market and that prices incorporate such information, to confirm the hypothesis that the Tunisian companies mostly try do not change their payout ratio. Thus, all investors in the TSE, even those uninformed, can know in advance the level of dividend to be paid even before its official publication. The absence of any observed reaction may also be due to the ownership structure of Tunisian companies or other explanations.\par
In the case of a decrease of the dividend level between year t and t-1 the findings show (table5)that these are a negative mean adjust abnormal return MAR and also a negative market adjusted abnormal return MAAR for the 5-day and 4-day before the announcement date with respectively an abnormal return of about 1058\% (t-statistic -3.44) and -1.42\% (t-statistic -1.18) Similarly, and consistent with the shape of CAR (insert graph 4), both in the case where the reference is the mean average return or the market index we note the existence of a statistically and significant cumulative profitability from the fourth day of the announcement date and this profitability is maintained for all the days of our estimation period.\par
Given the results found on the Tunisian context and when the event is an announcement of dividend, it appears that the assumptions of the theory of signaling are partially validated.\par
ii. Stock Repurshase Finding (insert Table \hyperref[tab_5]{6}, table 7 and Graph 5) show that there's no significant reaction during the event's date or the event period. We observed only a positive abnormal return 0.57 in the day of announcement and about 1.26 in 4-day after the repurchase announcement event but this positive reaction is not statistically significant.\par
This finding do not confirm the hypothesis of information content and then the signaling hypothesis on Tunisian context. After the event period and especially on the seventh and ninth day following the announcement of stock repurchase, we observe a negative and statistically significant abnormal return, respectively about 2.93 percent and 2.11 percent. This evidence suggests that investor perceive this vent as a negative signal but the reaction is delayed. This can be explained that the principle purpose for stock repurchase in TSE is to maintain and then regulate the market price of company's shares. This finding confirm the \hyperref[b44]{Ikenberry et al. (1995}\hyperref[b45]{Ikenberry et al. ( , 2000))} IV. 
\section[{Concluding and Remarks}]{Concluding and Remarks}\par
In academic literature, it was suggested that dividend payments have no impact on the shareholders' value \hyperref[b56]{(Miller and Modigliani, 1961)} in the absence of taxes and other market imperfections. A dividend payment provides cash flow to the shareholders but it reduces firm's recourses for investment. Hence, firms should not pay dividend if they have any positive net present value project in hand. However, \hyperref[b65]{Walter (1956)} and  {\ref Gordon (1959 and} {\ref 1962)} showed that valuation of stock depends on the expected future dividends. If company pays out all the earnings to shareholders, funds for future investment will decrease and dividend may not increase in the future. Therefore, theoretical literature suggested that dividends payout should not be desirable provided that companies can better invest their funds. Moreover, cash dividend is not desirable if investors need to pay taxes on their dividend income. Given the valid reasons for not paying dividends, an announcement of dividend payments may carry some information for the market and stock prices may be adjusted accordingly.\par
Based on the 39TSE listed companies declaring dividends during the period 1996-2004, we found that the only abnormal return is observed when the firm decreases their dividend level between year t and t-1. In this case we observed a negative reaction in the 7-day and 9-day following the announcement of dividend.\par
In this paper we examined also the announcement of 17repurchase programs during the period 2001-2002 on TSE. The empirical results show that the market does not react instantly in the event period but during the estimation period we observe a negative abnormal adjusted return on the 7-day and 9day after the announcement date. Graph 1: Mean adjusted abnormal return (MEAR) of 39 dividend-paying TSE stocks over a window period starting from day -5 to day +5 relative to dividend announcement day (0-day) and associated Cumulative Abnormal Return (CAR) over the event period. Graph 2: Market adjusted abnormal return (MAAR) of 39 dividend-paying TSE stocks over a window period starting from day -5 to day +5 relative to dividend announcement day (0-day) and associated Cumulative Abnormal Return (CAR) over the event period. 
\section[{Global Journal of Management and Business}]{Global Journal of Management and Business}\par
Table  {\ref 3}: Mean adjusted abnormal return (MEAR) of 39 dividend-paying TSE stocks over a window period starting from day -25 to day +25 relative to dividend announcement day (0-day) for firms that increase their dividend level between year t and year t-1 and associated Cumulative Abnormal Return (CAR) over the event period and subsequent days.  -0,000865 -0,969060975 -8 -0,000767 -0,859184463 -7 0,001139 1,275053053 -6 -0,000467 -0,522703549 -5 0,000608 0,680441982 0,000607722 0,001751 -4 0,000213 0,238486837 0,000820722 0,001520 -3 0,000649 0,727074185 0,001470093 0,001713 -2 0,000158 0,177461224 0,001628589 0,002019 -1 0,000381 0,426294062 0,002009324 0,002561 0 -0,001405 -1,572893352 0,000604528 0,003566 1 -0,001043 -1,167424937 -0,000438133 0,003401 2 0,000876 0,981347257 0,000438336 0,003118 3 -0,001352 -1,513553767 -0,000913462 0,002120 4 -0,000508 -0,568918177 -0,00142158 0,001206 5 0,001165 Graph 3: Mean adjusted abnormal return (MEAR) of 39 dividend-paying TSE stocks over a window period starting from day -5 to day +5 relative to dividend announcement day (0-day) for firms that decrease their dividend level between year t and year t-1 and associated Cumulative Abnormal Return (CAR) in the event period and estimation period and subsequent days.  Graph 5: Mean adjusted abnormal return (MEAR) of 17 repurchase-paying TSE stocks over a window period starting from day -25 to day +25 relative to stock repurchase announcement day (0-day) for firms that decrease their dividend level between year t and year t-1 and associated Cumulative Abnormal Return (CAR) in the event period and estimation period and subsequent days.   \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure}
   \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
Year\\
Volume XVIII Issue I Version I\\
( ) C\\
Research\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: C]} 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.1794959128065395\textwidth}P{0.10769754768392371\textwidth}P{0.002316076294277929\textwidth}P{0.002316076294277929\textwidth}P{0.1991825613079019\textwidth}P{0.002316076294277929\textwidth}P{0.19570844686648503\textwidth}P{0.0011580381471389645\textwidth}P{0.004632152588555858\textwidth}P{0.018528610354223433\textwidth}P{0.004632152588555858\textwidth}P{0.026634877384196183\textwidth}P{0.10538147138964578\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{10}{l}{Mean Abnormal Adjust Return ( MEAR) and Cumulative Abnormal Return ( CAR)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
5.00\% 6.00\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep MEAR\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{CAR}\tabcellsep Year\\
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-4.00\% -3.00\% -2.00\% -1.00\% 0.00\% 1.00\% 2.00\% 3.00\%\tabcellsep -5\tabcellsep -4\tabcellsep -3\tabcellsep -2\tabcellsep -1\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep Volume XVIII Issue I Version I\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep ( ) C\\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{Day relative to dividend announcement -26 -25 -24 -23 -22 -21 -20 -19 -18 -17}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Average MEAR 0,8805419 0,95775312 0,81630382 0,85954902 0,58723636 0,79040676 0,95500572 0,87097659 0,81686174}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{t-statistic 0,84784654 0,92219083 0,78599368 0,82763315 0,56543171 0,7610582 0,91954544 0,8386364 0,78653089}\tabcellsep CAR\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{t-statistic}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Global Journal of Management and Business Research\\
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\tabcellsep -11\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0,65584811}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0,63149585}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep © 2018 Global Journals\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: adjusted abnormal return (MAAR) of 39 dividend-paying TSE stocks over a window period starting from day -25 to day +25 relative to dividend announcement day (0-day and associated Cumulative Abnormal Return (CAR) over the event period.]} 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.1735142118863049\textwidth}P{0.2789405684754522\textwidth}P{0.3667958656330749\textwidth}P{0.006589147286821705\textwidth}P{0.024160206718346254\textwidth}}
Day relative to dividend announcement\tabcellsep Average MEAR\tabcellsep t-statistic\tabcellsep CAR\tabcellsep t-statistic\\
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-15\tabcellsep 0,001006\tabcellsep 1,126740706\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
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-12\tabcellsep 0,000819\tabcellsep 0,917145811\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.07285714285714286\textwidth}P{0.2536507936507936\textwidth}P{0.34539682539682537\textwidth}P{0.016190476190476193\textwidth}P{0.04047619047619047\textwidth}P{0.12142857142857141\textwidth}}
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16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25\tabcellsep -0,000169 -0,000074 0,000112 -0,000301 0,000067 -0,000223 -0,000036 0,000633 0,000483 0,001027\tabcellsep -0,189278603 -0,082300368 0,125592702 -0,337503702 0,074980498 -0,249803204 -0,040539026 0,708192849 0,541038691 1,14941928\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Global Journal of Management and Business Research\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep © 2018 Global Journals\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: C]} 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table 5 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{6} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.08981132075471698\textwidth}P{0.18283018867924528\textwidth}P{0.03207547169811321\textwidth}P{0.0032075471698113206\textwidth}P{0.07858490566037735\textwidth}P{0.0032075471698113206\textwidth}P{0.21971698113207547\textwidth}P{0.0016037735849056603\textwidth}P{0.0016037735849056603\textwidth}P{0.006415094339622641\textwidth}P{0.048113207547169815\textwidth}P{0.036886792452830185\textwidth}P{0.14594339622641508\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Year\\
1.50\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 47\\
-1.00\% -0.50\% 0.00\% 0.50\% 1.00\%\tabcellsep -5\tabcellsep -4\tabcellsep -3\tabcellsep -2\tabcellsep -1\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep Volume XVIII Issue I Version I\\
-1.50\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep ( ) C\\
-2.00\%\tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{Day relative to repurchase announcement -26 -25 -24 -23 MEAR ( increase) Average MEAR 0,609813 0,670426 0,355244}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{t-statistic -0,49032579 -0,414157105 -0,810228415 MEAR ( decrease)}\tabcellsep CAR\tabcellsep t-statistic MEAR ( no change)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Global Journal of Management and Business Research\\
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\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep © 2018 Global Journals\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_5}Table 6 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{6} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.011455525606469003\textwidth}P{0.14090296495956872\textwidth}P{0.0011455525606469002\textwidth}P{0.0011455525606469002\textwidth}P{0.20047169811320756\textwidth}P{0.0011455525606469002\textwidth}P{0.3012803234501348\textwidth}P{0.013746630727762804\textwidth}P{0.0011455525606469002\textwidth}P{0.05613207547169811\textwidth}P{0.004582210242587601\textwidth}P{0.08247978436657681\textwidth}P{0.034366576819407\textwidth}}
Axis Title\tabcellsep -5 -4 -3 -2 -1\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 9 10\tabcellsep RAM RAMC\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Day relative to repurchase announcement}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Average MEAR}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{t-statistic}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep CAR\tabcellsep t-statistic\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep -25\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0,36\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{0,59119881}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep -24\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0,61\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{1,01648807}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep and-23\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0,06\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{0,09545055}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep -22\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{-0,09\%}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{-0,14781817}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep -21\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0,46\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{0,76408428}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep -20\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{-0,03\%}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{-0,05476158}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep -19\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0,53\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{0,87964506}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep -18\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0,31\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{0,51806159}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep -17\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0,42\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{0,68984062}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep -16\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0,26\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{0,43284297}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep -15\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{-0,06\%}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{-0,09155938}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep -14\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0,46\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0,7538951}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep -13\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0,28\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{0,45672479}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep -12\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0,52\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{0,85938823}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep -11\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0,23\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{0,38892771}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep -10\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0,07\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{0,11299225}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep -9\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{-0,21\%}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{-0,34448695}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep -8\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0,05\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0,0893111}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep -7\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{-0,45\%}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{-0,74291223}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep -6\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0,46\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{0,75787472}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep -5\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0,97\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{1,6027543}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0,009680}\tabcellsep 0,32995493\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep -4\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0,04\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{0,06939931}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0,010099}\tabcellsep 0,41048117\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep -3\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0,33\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{0,54147298}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0,013369}\tabcellsep 0,55702352\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep -2\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{-0,13\%}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{-0,21543997}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0,012068}\tabcellsep 0,55026132\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep -1\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0,36\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0,6027901}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0,015709}\tabcellsep 0,63433\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0,25\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{0,40881625}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0,018178}\tabcellsep 0,77181704\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep © 2018 Global Journals\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_6}Table 6 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{7} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.08588410104011887\textwidth}P{0.18566121842496286\textwidth}P{0.337852897473997\textwidth}P{0.07514858841010401\textwidth}P{0.16545319465081723\textwidth}}
Day relative to repurchase announcement\tabcellsep Average MEAR\tabcellsep t-statistic\tabcellsep CAR\tabcellsep T Statistic\\
-26\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
-25\tabcellsep 0,36\%\tabcellsep 0,59119881\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
-24\tabcellsep 0,61\%\tabcellsep 1,01648807\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
-23\tabcellsep 0,06\%\tabcellsep 0,09545055\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
-22\tabcellsep -0,09\%\tabcellsep -0,14781817\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
-21\tabcellsep 0,46\%\tabcellsep 0,76408428\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
-20\tabcellsep -0,03\%\tabcellsep -0,05476158\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
-19\tabcellsep 0,53\%\tabcellsep 0,87964506\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
-18\tabcellsep 0,31\%\tabcellsep 0,51806159\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
-17\tabcellsep 0,42\%\tabcellsep 0,68984062\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
-16\tabcellsep 0,26\%\tabcellsep 0,43284297\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
-15\tabcellsep -0,06\%\tabcellsep -0,09155938\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
-14\tabcellsep 0,46\%\tabcellsep 0,7538951\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
-13\tabcellsep 0,28\%\tabcellsep 0,45672479\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
-12\tabcellsep 0,52\%\tabcellsep 0,85938823\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
-11\tabcellsep 0,23\%\tabcellsep 0,38892771\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
-10\tabcellsep 0,07\%\tabcellsep 0,11299225\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
-9\tabcellsep -0,21\%\tabcellsep -0,34448695\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
-8\tabcellsep 0,05\%\tabcellsep 0,0893111\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
-7\tabcellsep -0,45\%\tabcellsep -0,74291223\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
-6\tabcellsep 0,46\%\tabcellsep 0,75787472\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
-5\tabcellsep 0,97\%\tabcellsep 1,6027543\tabcellsep 0,00968\tabcellsep 1,63616901\\
-4\tabcellsep 0,04\%\tabcellsep 0,06939931\tabcellsep 0,01010\tabcellsep 1,70701517\\
-3\tabcellsep 0,33\%\tabcellsep 0,54147298\tabcellsep 0,01337\tabcellsep 2,25977695\\
-2\tabcellsep -0,13\%\tabcellsep -0,21543997\tabcellsep 0,01207\tabcellsep 2,03984542\\
-1\tabcellsep 0,36\%\tabcellsep 0,6027901\tabcellsep 0,01571\tabcellsep 2,65520267\\
0\tabcellsep 0,25\%\tabcellsep 0,40881625\tabcellsep 0,01818\tabcellsep 3,07254204\\
1\tabcellsep 0,54\%\tabcellsep 0,89908714\tabcellsep 0,02361\tabcellsep 3,99037363\\
2\tabcellsep 0,35\%\tabcellsep 0,58265464\tabcellsep 0,02713\tabcellsep 4,58517563\\
3\tabcellsep -1,10\%\tabcellsep -1,8215372\tabcellsep 0,01613\tabcellsep 2,72566247\\
4\tabcellsep -0,58\%\tabcellsep -0,96569331\tabcellsep 0,01029\tabcellsep 1,73983609\\
5\tabcellsep -0,09\%\tabcellsep -0,14701113\tabcellsep 0,00941\tabcellsep 1,58976003\\
6\tabcellsep -0,39\%\tabcellsep -0,65085369\tabcellsep 0,00547\tabcellsep 0,92533715\\
7\tabcellsep -2,44\%\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{-4,03759205 -0,01891}\tabcellsep -3,19643184\\
8\tabcellsep 0,01\%\tabcellsep 0,02388667\tabcellsep -0,01877\tabcellsep -3,17204717\\
9\tabcellsep -1,67\%\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{-2,76379485 -0,03546}\tabcellsep -5,99346245\\
10\tabcellsep 0,19\%\tabcellsep 0,31354837\tabcellsep -0,03357\tabcellsep -5,67337713\\
11\tabcellsep -0,06\%\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{-0,10655087 -0,03421}\tabcellsep -5,7821494\\
12\tabcellsep -0,23\%\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{-0,38190236 -0,03652}\tabcellsep -6,17201377\\
13\tabcellsep -0,50\%\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{-0,82544972 -0,04150}\tabcellsep -7,01467271\\
14\tabcellsep -0,54\%\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{-0,89551985 -0,04691}\tabcellsep -7,92886263\\
15\tabcellsep -0,74\%\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{-1,22390984 -0,05430}\tabcellsep -9,17828892\\
16\tabcellsep -0,06\%\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{-0,10343778 -0,05493}\tabcellsep -9,28388319\\
17\tabcellsep 0,38\%\tabcellsep 0,63203404\tabcellsep -0,05111\tabcellsep -8,63867231\\
18\tabcellsep 0,87\%\tabcellsep 1,4354234\tabcellsep -0,04244\tabcellsep -7,17332277\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: © 2018 Global Journals]} 
\caption{\label{tab_7}Table 7 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2018 Global Journals} 			\footnote{Dividend and Stock Repurchase Announcement in Tunisia: A Signaling Approach} 			\footnote{© 2018 Global Journals 1} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\bibitem[Miller and Modigliani ()]{b56}\label{b56} 	 		‘Dividend Policy, Growth and valuation of Shares’.  		 			M Miller 		,  		 			F Modigliani 		.  	 	 		\textit{The Journal of Business}  		1961. 34 p. .  	 
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\bibitem[Fama and French ()]{b38}\label{b38} 	 		‘Dividend yield and expectation stock return’.  		 			E Fama 		,  		 			K French 		.  	 	 		\textit{The Journal of Financial Economics}  		1988. 22 p. .  	 
\bibitem[John and Williams ()]{b49}\label{b49} 	 		‘Dividend, Dilution and Taxes: A signaling Equilibrium’.  		 			K John 		,  		 			J Williams 		.  	 	 		\textit{The journal of Finance}  		1985. 40 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Grullon and Michaely ()]{b40}\label{b40} 	 		‘Dividends share repurchase and substitution hypothesis’.  		 			G Grullon 		,  		 			R Michaely 		.  	 	 		\textit{The journal of Finance}  		2002. 57 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Dewenter and Warther ()]{b34}\label{b34} 	 		‘Dividends, asymmetric information, and agency conflicts: evidence from comparison of the dividend policies of Japanese and Us firms’.  		 			K Dewenter 		,  		 			V Warther 		.  	 	 		\textit{The Journal of Finance}  		1998. 53 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Barclay ()]{b13}\label{b13} 	 		‘Dividends, Taxes and Common Stock Price: The Ex-Dividend Day Behavior of Common Stock Prices Before the Income Tax’.  		 			M J Barclay 		.  	 	 		\textit{The Journal of Financial Economics}  		1987. 19 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Amihud and Murgia ()]{b5}\label{b5} 	 		‘Dividends, Taxes and Signaling Evidence from Germany’.  		 			Y Amihud 		,  		 			M Murgia 		.  	 	 		\textit{The Journal of Finance}  		1997. 52 p. .  	 
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\bibitem[Healy and Palepu ()]{b43}\label{b43} 	 		‘Earning information conveyed by dividend initiation and omission’.  		 			P Healy 		,  		 			K Palepu 		.  	 	 		\textit{The Journal of Financial Economics}  		1988. 21 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Williams ()]{b68}\label{b68} 	 		‘Efficient Signaling with Dividend, Investments and Stock Repurchases’.  		 			J Williams 		.  	 	 		\textit{The Journal of Finance}  		1988. 43 p. .  	 
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\bibitem[Bhattacharaya ()]{b21}\label{b21} 	 		‘Imperfect Information, Dividend policy, and the Bird in the Hand Fallacy’.  		 			S Bhattacharaya 		.  	 	 		\textit{Bell Journal of Economics}  		1979. 10 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Brigham and Gordon ()]{b24}\label{b24} 	 		‘Leverage, dividends and the cost of capital’.  		 			E Brigham 		,  		 			M Gordon 		.  	 	 		\textit{The Journal of Finance}  		1968. 23 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Ikenberry et al. ()]{b44}\label{b44} 	 		‘Market Underreaction to Open Market Share Repurchase’.  		 			D Ikenberry 		,  		 			J Lakonishok 		,  		 			T Vermaelen 		.  	 	 		\textit{The Journal of Financial Economics}  		1995. 39 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Lie ()]{b51}\label{b51} 	 		‘Operating Performance Following Open Market Share Repurchase Announcements’.  		 			E Lie 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Accounting \& Economics}  		2005. 39 p. .  	 
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\bibitem[Brav et al. ()]{b23}\label{b23} 	 		‘Payout Policy in the 21 st century’.  		 			A Brav 		,  		 			J Graham 		,  		 			C Harvey 		,  		 			R Et Michaely 		.  	 	 		\textit{The Journal of Financial Economics}  		2003. 77 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Michaely et al. ()]{b55}\label{b55} 	 		‘Prices reaction to dividend initiation and omission: Overreaction or drift?’.  		 			R Michaely 		,  		 			R Thaler 		,  		 			K Womack 		.  	 	 		\textit{The Journal of Finance}  		1995. 50 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Best and Best ()]{b20}\label{b20} 	 		‘Prior Information and Market Reaction to Dividend Changes’.  		 			R J Best 		,  		 			R W Best 		.  	 	 		\textit{The Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting}  		2001. 17 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Aharony and Swary ()]{b0}\label{b0} 	 		‘Quarterly Dividend and Earning Announcements and Stockholder's Returns’.  		 			J Aharony 		,  		 			I Swary 		.  	 	 		\textit{The Journal of Finance}  		1980. 35 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Chowdhry and Nanda ()]{b27}\label{b27} 	 		‘Repurchase premia as a reason for dividends: A dynamic model of corporate payout policies’.  		 			B Chowdhry 		,  		 			V Nanda 		.  	 	 		\textit{The Review of Financial Studies}  		1994. 7 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Deangelo et al. ()]{b31}\label{b31} 	 		‘Reversal of fortune, dividend signaling and the disappearance of sustained earning growth’.  		 			H Deangelo 		,  		 			L Deangelo 		,  		 			D Skinner 		.  	 	 		\textit{The Journal of Financial Economics}  		1996. 40 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Kalay ()]{b50}\label{b50} 	 		‘Signaling information Content and the reluctance to cut dividends’.  		 			A Kalay 		.  	 	 		\textit{The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis}  		1980. 15 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Fuller and Thakor ()]{b39}\label{b39} 	 		\textit{Signaling, free cash-flow and no monotonic dividends},  		 			K Fuller 		,  		 			A Thakor 		.  		2000.  		 			University of Michigan School 		 	 	 (Working Paper) 
\bibitem[Miller and Modigliani ()]{b57}\label{b57} 	 		‘Some estimates of the cost of capital of the electric utility industry 1954-57’.  		 			M Miller 		,  		 			F Modigliani 		.  	 	 		\textit{The American Economic Review}  		1966. 56 p. .  	 
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\end{document}
