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\title{The Defy of Entrepreneurship to Vocational and Technical Education in Nigeria}
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             \author[1]{Amuchie Austine  A.}

             \affil[1]{  College of Education Zing, Taraba State, Nigeria.}

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\date{\small \em Received: 10 December 2016 Accepted: 2 January 2017 Published: 15 January 2017}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Entrepreneurship has been recognize as an instrument for Nigerian youth to acquire basic managerial skills and to use that skilled acquired to be sustainable self-employment and to the Nation Development. This paper examines the challenges of entrepreneurship to vocational and technical Education. However, its vision the need to emphasize entrepreneurship at the phases of education as this will go extra miles in improving the socio-economic as well as socio-political problems such as unemployment, poverty among others that are threat to the nation security. Entrepreneurship is introduce to less socio-economic problems and will aid to job creation, poverty alleviation, reduction in unemployment, developing youth enterprise and technological development to Nigerian education. Those who have less education but have more practical experience and training, enter into the industry early, leaving the educated once with little or no experience patterning skill acquisition behind. However, in such cases less education restricts the growth and development of the enterprise. It is however recommended that entrepreneurship should be taught well in all phases of education especially vocational and technical education as a tool to transformation agenda to the nation and the world at large.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{entrepreneurship, vocation, technical education, job creation, youth.}

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\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
he prosperity and progress of a nation depends on the quality of its people. If they are enterprising, ambitious and courageous enough to bear the risk, the community/society will develop quickly. Such people are identified as entrepreneurs and their character reflects entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is no monopoly of any religion or community, Business Times (1995) entrepreneurial potential can be found and developed anywhere irrespective of age, qualification, experience or socio-economic background, only efforts are required in the right direction. Entrepreneurship may not be regarded as a sufficient condition for growth activity but is surely a necessary condition. \hyperref[b7]{(Destipancle, 1984)} hence it must be given top priority in the national programmes of a country. It is widely acknowledged in entrepreneurship literature that entrepreneurship is about people who realize new opportunities. Entrepreneurs are persistent, passionate adaptable and able to take risks. As a result entrepreneurship can occur in a range of environments. However, at the Author ?: e-mail: austin\textunderscore source@yahoo.com centre of entrepreneurship lies the creation of new business ventures by individuals or teams.\par
Entrepreneurship is the lifeblood of the Nigerian economy. It is the cradle of job and wealth creation in the most innovative ways. It is therefore imperative that we recognised contribution that the entrepreneur makes to our economy and development.\par
A small business unit, is, thus an enterprise, its owner, an entrepreneur and his activities are the entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is a human activity development. It indicates to the spirit of enterprise such as spirit transforms the man from a nomad to a cattle rearer, to a settled agriculturist, to a trader and an industrialist  {\ref Murthy (1989)}.\par
This call for the federal government of Nigeria to develop and empower the Nigerian youths through vocational and technical education to enable them contribute to the development of the nation today and take over the leadership of the country tomorrow as they are the future leaders, especially in considering the persistent and consistent uprising of the issue of unemployment. It is in this regard this paper sought to find out how Nigerian government has fared in engaging youth unemployment with youth development and empowerment packages. And the paper make series of findings among which is that unemployment in Nigeria which is real and alarming; that youth development and empowerment can curb youth unemployment through the introduction of entrepreneurship in vocational and technology education According to \hyperref[b2]{Aminu (2009)}, Nigeria is a country blessed with abundant resources in human and material resources that has not be properly manage but there was fear from many scholars about the future economy with respect to unemployment. Unemployment became worsen by the rate of crime committed by the unemployed youth and retrenchment becomes the order of the day in both private and public sector of the economy, the unemployment situation if aggravated by the political instability and high cost of running enterprise among the youth without adequate infrastructure which government are expected to provide job for teeming Nigerian population had made many top government functionary to ay ''Government alone'' cannot provide job for Nigerians and that should learn self reliant by becoming job creators rather than job seeker. However, government has started to assist entrepreneurs who opt for self employment by giving them all the necessary incentives for the development and promotion of small and medium term enterprise. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Conceptualization Review}]{Conceptualization Review}\par
The concept of entrepreneurship as an organized knowledge came into being about hundred years ago. Though the economists from Adam Smith to Marshall were talking about it but without assigning the name of entrepreneurship. They used the terms as employer, the master, the merchant and the undertaker for carrying out different entrepreneurial activities now comprising of entrepreneurship. It was Cantillon who first brought out the term entrepreneur (Murthy, 1989) and entrepreneurship was recognized in economic literature.\par
Considerable attention has focused on the definition of the term "entrepreneur". Schumpeter (1959) considered the entrepreneur as an innovator. He writes that entrepreneurship is the "carrying out of new combination we call enterprise"; the individuals whose function is to carry them out we call entrepreneurs. The new combination focuses on five aspects (Schumpeter, 1934): The introduction of new goals, new methods of production, opening up of new markets, new sources of supply of raw material and new industrial organizations. Say (1964) uses the term entrepreneur to refer to someone who creates and then, perhaps, operates a new business firm, whether or not there is anything innovative in those acts. \hyperref[b6]{Baumol (1993)} sees the "Schumpeter" type as an innovating entrepreneur and the "Say" type as the firm-organizing entrepreneur people who get ideas for creating a new business, bring that business into existence and then carry on the work of the enterprise, are entrepreneurs (Jena 1989). Precisely, an entrepreneur is one who undertakes to organize, manage, and assume the risks of a business. Even a small business unit is an entrepreneur and his activities are the entrepreneurship.\par
Entrepreneurship is a human activity which plays a major role in economic development its history is as old as human history it indicates to the spirit of enterprise. Such a spirit transform the man "from a nomad to a cattle rearer, to a settled agriculturalists, to a trader and an industrialist" (Muhy 1989).\par
An entrepreneur is a person while entrepreneurship is the process of its actual working. Entrepreneurship is also consistently equated with the establishment and management of small business enterprise. In United States, the entrepreneur is often defined as one who starts his own, new and small business  {\ref (Drucket, 1985)}.\par
According to Adeyemi (2013) Says the role played by entrepreneurship in the development of western countries has made the people of developing countries very much conscious of its importance in the programme of rapid economic development. People have begun to realize that for achieving the goal of development it is necessary to increase both the quantitative and qualitative entrepreneurship in the country. The qualitative entrepreneurship implies the stress on innovating and the quantitative implies the stress on imitating entrepreneurship. Both of them contribute stimulus for development. It is also known that even though a country has resources -labour, technology, capital and raw material etc, but these remain under-explored in the absence of the active and enthusiastic entrepreneurs, who have the ability to organize the various factors of productions. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Vocational and Technical Education}]{Vocational and Technical Education}\par
The Naona1 Policy on Education (2004) defines vocational education as the type of education which led to the acquisition of applied skill and basic scientific knowledge. The policy further sited that vocational education aims at imparting the necessary skills that leads to production of technical man power which enhance enterprises and self-reliant. Olaitan (2007) also agrees with the view that vocational education implied as technical education, since skill development is the intent of its instructional programme, when he referred to it as "every area of specialization can be regarded as vocational if the ultimate objective is to provide the student with requisite skills to enable them function in work situation" this explanation serve well to those who try to divorce vocational education from being part of the total technical education programme.\par
Osuala (2007) viewed the term vocational technical education as "vocational technical training which is given in school or classes under public supervision and control" it refers to the systematic learning experiences which are designed to fit individual for gainful employment in recoganized occupations as semi-skilled workers or sub-professionals. It includes guidance and counseling in connection with the training other instruction directly related to an occupation.\par
IV.   {\ref 2004}), all these definition exclude programme designed to fit individuals for, employment in occupation, which are considered professional, requires Nigeria Certificate in Education (N.CE) or National Diploma (O.N.D) are designed primarily as general education. Hence, the presenter view vocational education is required, for which there is societal need, and which cannot appropriately be done in the schools. Vocational technical education also is well concerned with the whole of occupation from those requiring relatively short-period of specialization in preparation, such as clerk, typist, to occupation requiring two or more years of specialized education such as paramedics including the whole spectrum of the labour force from semi-skilled workers to technicians professional and sub-professional whose occupation require less than NCE or Diploma by acknowledgement that every individual is unique and that uniqueness contribute to self-actualization of other individuals, we are in this effect of creating for our self and environment that fosters generational sustainability and heading towards National Empowerment (Nwosu, 2010). 
\section[{Aims of Vocational Technical Education}]{Aims of Vocational Technical Education}\par
According to Osuala (2007), says vocational graduates can easily get paid employment In their private of public sector as the demand for their skills continue to rise, It is therefore a lot easier for vocational education graduate to get office paid job than others because there is no area of work that does not in one way or the other that does not rely on vocational education to survive.\par
According to Falusi (2010), Vocational Education also provides increase productive power to supplement remedial or rudimentary apprenticeship in any given Nation. Manpower development is the training of skilled labour force for the public services, business industrial development and self employment. To this end, it is a strategy to meet the increased demand.\par
Better trained workmen who will be in the position to improve the quality and quantity of goods and services available for National empowerment.  
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
Jimngang (2004) posited that there is need for a total overhauling of the educational system and that in many fields, course work available only lead to rising unemployment, poverty and misery. He concluded that the situation could only be curbed if syllabuses were innovated, re-engineered or re-designed to include disciplines that build up the fighter-spirit needed for today's intellectual battles of life. For progress to be made in Nigeria the challenges confronting technical education must be recognized and fought vigorously. Adequate resources should he allocated to the programmes in order to achieve positive outcomes. A comprehensive reform towards technical and vocational education and a deliberate attempt to uplift the programme is the only panacea to a technological enderado in this country.  \begin{figure}[htbp]
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 			\footnote{© 2017 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{document}
