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\parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@ \itemsep 1pt} } \makeatother \fvset{frame=single,numberblanklines=false,xleftmargin=5mm,xrightmargin=5mm} \fancyhf{} \setlength{\headheight}{14pt} \fancyhead[LE]{\bfseries\leftmark} \fancyhead[RO]{\bfseries\rightmark} \fancyfoot[RO]{} \fancyfoot[CO]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[LO]{\TheID} \fancyfoot[LE]{} \fancyfoot[CE]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[RE]{\TheID} \hypersetup{citebordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,linkbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,urlbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,bookmarksnumbered=true} \fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}} \date{} \usepackage{authblk} \providecommand{\keywords}[1] { \footnotesize \textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1 } \usepackage{graphicx,xcolor} \definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81} \definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9} \definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70} \definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} \renewenvironment{abstract}{% \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space} }{% \vskip8pt \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt } \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \author[1]{Driss Tsouli} \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 9 December 2016 Accepted: 1 January 2017 Published: 15 January 2017} \maketitle \begin{abstract} The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on intellectual capital in clusters in order to identify and compare the main models to measure at the cluster level. A systemic literature review was carried out using the most important bibliographic database Scopus and the most important journal on intellectual capital: journal of intellectual capital. The search covered the period from 2004 to 2016. \end{abstract} \keywords{cluster, intellectual capital, assessment models.} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \let\tabcellsep& \section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par n the new economics of competition, the economic map of the world is dominated by what it called clusters.Clusters are geographic concentrations of interconnected companies and institutions in a particular field \hyperref[b13]{[14]}. Clusters impact competitiveness inside countries as well as outside of national borders. Clusters are an international fact that arises inJapan, the USA, Germany, Netherlands, Finland,Sweden,and other countries. That's mean there is a possible relation between development and clusters.Therefore,clusters lead to a new way of thinking about location,challenging much of the conventional wisdom about how companies should be configured,how institutions such as universities can contribute to competitive success, and how governments can promote economic development and prosperity \hyperref[b13]{[14]}.\par On the other hand, intellectual capital has become the most important resource for value creation and competitive advantage. Intellectual capital research has mostly concentrated on companies \hyperref[b1]{[2]}, and beside modest research at regions or nations level.\par The first studies related to IC assessment on clusters have done by J.L. Hervas and J.I. Dalmau in order to construct an Intellectual Capital Cluster Index (ICCI). Later, some practitioners and scholarswere interested in IC in clusters. A literature review was conducted to identify the works related to IC at the clusterslevel and obtain an overview of intangibles. The specific objectives of this paper are: to identify the main advances in IC in clusters studies; to identify the main models developed to measure IC at the clusters level; and to characterize and compare the models. The research questions are: What advances have been made in the last decade in knowledge about IC at the clusters level? How is IC measured at the clusters level? What kind of indicators, variables, and components are being used? What are the main differences among models? What can be learned for future policies? The paper is structured as follows. The second section summarizes the conceptual framework and the underlying theories for IC analysis. Section 3 presents the methodology applied. Section 4 presents the models analyzed and initial findings and compares the main characteristics of the models. Section 5 offers some conclusions. \section[{II.}]{II.} \section[{Clusters and Intelectual Capital Foundations}]{Clusters and Intelectual Capital Foundations}\par The point of departure of clusters intangibles has been the Marshall's project, under different names as social complexity \hyperref[b9]{[10]}, non-traded interdependencies \hyperref[b16]{[17]} \hyperref[b15]{[16]}, or community of people. Consequently, nothing is new except the IC definition and the formal model to assess and value all these intangibles.\par All these intangibles have been integrated in three basic elements identified in clusters \hyperref[b2]{[3]}.first, the specialization in one or in a few stage of production process which leads to a higher productivity.Second, the milieu \hyperref[b6]{[7]}, which can be devised on two aspects: culture (knowledge, competences,attitudes, high regard for risk and profit) andinfrastructure (land availability, communications, social services, services to the firms, "local banking") .third, the network which is formed by linkage (forward and backward) which provides a competitive advantage (customer relationship,corporate image, connections).\par From another perspective, Porter s work {\ref [12] [14]} on clusters led to know the forces like : special infrastructures available in the territory (skilled labour pool, universities, R\&D centers, etc.); related and supporting industries, complementing core industry processes; demanding conditions, because a strong, trend-setting local market in quantity and quality helps local firms to anticipate global trends; and firm strategy, structure and rivalry, which forces local firms to move beyond basic country advantages to search for competitive advantages. All the expressed forces provided extraordinary conditions which support firm competitiveness and value creation in the territory and they constituted an intellectual capital source.\par Consequently, the linkage between firms, firms and institutions such a public R\&D centers, universities, drive to arise the intellectual capital inside clusters.\par For this reason, some scholars tried to build the models for assessing IC in clusters for every cluster elements which act as an IC sources for the value creation. \section[{? Linked Industries}]{? Linked Industries}\par Porter s work \hyperref[b11]{[12]} [13] [14] considered the connected industries more specifically the auxiliary industry provide a more efficient basis to supply inputs into the value creation system. Therefore, the auxiliary industry is a knowledge mechanism which contributes to the cluster IC stock providing to the rest of the value chain innovations, interactions and also information flows to the rest of the system's components. \section[{? Institutions and Infrastructure}]{? Institutions and Infrastructure}\par Porter \hyperref[b11]{[12]} pointed that the importance of institutions is not only their existence, but the connectivity and the interaction with other cluster parts to contribute to upgrade the cluster's knowledge stock. For example University programs usually include specific and special courses linked to the located industries, constituting a source of skilled and trained labour, as well as vocational centres. Public R\&D institutes, jointly with universities' cooperation, carry out cluster-specific research to expand the knowledge and technology useful and required in the area, frequently taking the form of formal contracts between located firms and the institutes themselves with the aim to enlarge firm's technological capabilities. \section[{? Human Resources}]{? Human Resources}\par The most important implication in a cluster is refers to the presence of a community of people. Porter \hyperref[b11]{[12]} also mentioned in his model the importance of specialized human resources on cluster industries. People must be educated in specific cluster university courses and they could be trained in clusters requirement by specifyingcenter programs offered by regional authorities.Another important point is the social capital aspects (trust, common language, objectives and assumptions, local vocabulary and mutual understandings, among others) which are associated with high-quality information flows and tacit knowledge held by workers and managers available in the area \hyperref[b17]{[18]}. \section[{Firm Strategy}]{Firm Strategy}\par For \hyperref[b11]{Porter, 1990}, Clusters firms should not only take advantage from the territorial resources but create successful configurations of its own value chains. Firmstrategy builds competitiveness and thus creates value. That means, not only territorial resources are crucial but also the firms' actions. Without upgrading firms' strategies territorial resources cannot be interrelated in self-firms value chains. Similarly, \hyperref[b7]{[8]} also recognize the fact that "the orientation and sophistication of the strategies undertaken by firms in the clusters ultimately determine the cluster's wealth creation capacity". \section[{? Linkages}]{? Linkages}\par Knowledge creation and transmission mechanisms imply to strengthen linkages between the different agents located in the cluster such as clients, suppliers and other related industries through informal and formal collaborations and relationships \hyperref[b2]{[3]} [6] . SimilarlyPorter's concept of fit explains the way in which activities are connected each other in the value chain rather than working isolated \hyperref[b10]{[11]}. \section[{? Economic Performance}]{? Economic Performance}\par Economic performance represents the profitability and success achieved by the cluster as a whole, mixing financial such as returns or productivity and non-financial performance indicators specially connected to customer and market matters. \section[{III.}]{III.} \section[{Research Method}]{Research Method}\par The study presents a comprehensive review of the articles addressing the IC-clusters assessment models published from 2004 to 2015, the population to be studied included articles that were: ? Empirical, because practice is the origin of IC research \hyperref[b8]{[9]}. ? Published in peer-reviewed journals, which guarantees a high level of quality. ? Published from 2004 to 2015, as the seminal paper in this field of research was published in 2004 by AinoPöyhönenAnssiSmedlund. ? Written in English, since English is the official language of knowledge The selection of papers was conducted using the primary academic databases of Scopus an initial search of the Scopus, (title, abstract and keywords field) was conducted using the keywords "intellectual capital" and "clusters". The results obtained (63 in Scopus) were then refined by analysing their titles. This step yielded a total of 6 articles. And the final decision was about the inclusion of these 6 articles. \section[{IV. ICC: Main Models}]{IV. ICC: Main Models}\par The literature presents several models to measure IC at the cluster level using different methods to identify intangibles. In general, two approaches were identified (Table \hyperref[tab_0]{I}).the first originated in the study of intangibles Ofclusters and is promoted mainly by academics. The second, developed by international organizations and business schools, aims to study competitiveness, innovative capacity, and development not only at cluster level but at the whole regional level.\par Table I Shows the models selected from the literature review for this study. The first group includes the models derived from the taxonomy presented by Hervas-Oliver (2004), such as, networks, Institutions, infrastructure, Human resources, Firm strategy and Economic performance. Which seek to identify ICC, using indicators of intangibles that support regional growth. These models include Organizationalcapital,Human Capital, Social Capital, and the local and international relationships.\par International organization models simply combine the vision of intangibles with the traditional economic growth approach. The results of these models are far from ICC principles.\par Tables \hyperref[tab_2]{II and III} show the main characteristics of each evaluation system. While academic models determine IC as an independent factor using indicators of intangibles, the international organization models use indicators of intangible and tangible assets to determine competiveness, innovation capacity, or development of countries without identifying total IC. \section[{Conclusions}]{Conclusions}\par Intellectual capital traditionally focused on micro-level and less on macro-level needs to be extended to the clusters. Sustainable and effective cluster economic growth occurs when all located agents (industries, institutions, and other actors) work formal or informally in the same direction and with shared goals.Although several models are available to measure intangibles at the cluster level, international organization models are the most widely used because policy makers are not yet familiar with the concept of IC and they are not aware of the importance of intangibles in competitiveness.\par The main differences between the two approaches are the objectives and the conceptual framework .The academic models seek to determine ICC directly, , while the international organization models focus directly on capacity for growth or development without identifying IC or IC components or cluster characteristics.\begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{I} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.47507552870090636\textwidth}P{0.033383685800604225\textwidth}P{0.23240181268882174\textwidth}P{0.10913897280966768\textwidth}} \tabcellsep Models\tabcellsep Authors\tabcellsep Organization\\ \multicolumn{3}{l}{Models developed by researchers (academic models)}\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{theoretical model of the dynamics of}\tabcellsep AinoPoyhonen and\tabcellsep University of Technology, Finland\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{intellectual capital creation in regional}\tabcellsep AnssiSmedlund\\ clusters and\tabcellsep inter-organizational\tabcellsep \\ networks\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{The Intellectual Capital Cluster Index}\tabcellsep J.L. Hervas and J.I.\tabcellsep Polytechnic University of Valencia,\\ (ICCI)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Dalmau\tabcellsep Spain\\ \multicolumn{3}{l}{Models developed by international organizations}\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{Knowledge Assessment Methodology}\tabcellsep World Bank (WB) [20]\\ (KAM)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{Global Innovation Index (GII)}\tabcellsep INSEAD[4]\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{Global Competitiveness Index (GCI)}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{World Economic Forum (WEF) [19]}\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{World Competitiveness Index (WCI)}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{International Institute for Management Development}\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep (IMD) [5]\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_0}Table I :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{II} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.08608847497089639\textwidth}P{0.3958090803259604\textwidth}P{0.3681024447031432\textwidth}} \tabcellsep the dynamics of intellectual capital\tabcellsep The Intellectual Capital Cluster Index\\ Models\tabcellsep creation in regional clusters and\tabcellsep (ICCI)\\ \tabcellsep inter-organizational networks\tabcellsep \\ Authors\tabcellsep AinoPoyhonen and AnssiSmedlund\tabcellsep J.L. Hervas and J.I. Dalmau\\ Assessment\tabcellsep Knowledge creation\tabcellsep value creation\\ objective\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Main aggregated indicators\tabcellsep Knowledge and competence Relationships Information flow Management and leadership method\tabcellsep networks, Institutions and infrastructure, Human resources, Firm strategy Economic performance\\ IC\tabcellsep Relational capital, human\tabcellsep Relational capital, human capital,\\ components\tabcellsep capital,organizational capital\tabcellsep social capital organizational capital\\ Assets\tabcellsep Intangible\tabcellsep Tangible and intangible\\ \tabcellsep Regional networks are presented as\tabcellsep An ICC index is determined.\\ Methodology\tabcellsep the networks of production, development and innovation in the\tabcellsep The indicators are added according to the relative\\ \tabcellsep region\tabcellsep importance of each one\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_1}Table II :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{III} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.030671920364993777\textwidth}P{0.10082953131480712\textwidth}P{0.2566569888013272\textwidth}P{0.002115304852758192\textwidth}P{0.31553297386976353\textwidth}P{0.012691829116549149\textwidth}P{0.05358772293654085\textwidth}P{0.07791372874326005\textwidth}} Organization\tabcellsep World Bank (WB)\tabcellsep INSEAD\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{World Economic Forum (WEF)}\tabcellsep International Institute for Management Development (IMD)\\ Assessment objective\tabcellsep Knowledge\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Innovation}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Competitiveness}\tabcellsep Competitiveness\\ Main\tabcellsep Knowledge\tabcellsep Innovation\tabcellsep Input:\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Institutions, Infrastructure,}\tabcellsep Economic\\ aggregated\tabcellsep Economy\tabcellsep Institutions,\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Macroeconomic environment,}\tabcellsep performance,\\ indicators\tabcellsep Index (KEI) and\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{HC and research,}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{health and basic education,}\tabcellsep government\\ \tabcellsep Knowledge\tabcellsep Infrastructure,\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{higher education and training,}\tabcellsep and business\\ \tabcellsep Index (KI)\tabcellsep market\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{goods market efficiency, labor}\tabcellsep efficiency\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep sophistication\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{market efficiency, financial}\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep and business\tabcellsep \tabcellsep market\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{development,}\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep sophistication.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep technological\tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{innovation output:}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{readiness, market size,}\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{scientific outputs}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{business sophistication and}\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep and creative\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Innovation\tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep outputs\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep Not explicit,\tabcellsep Explicitly only\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Not explicit, but are}\tabcellsep Not explicit, but are\\ \tabcellsep but are deduced:\tabcellsep HC. Also are\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{deduced: HC, RC, SC,}\tabcellsep deduced: HC, RC, SC,\\ IC\tabcellsep HC, RC, SC,\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{deduced: RC, SC,}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Renewal Capital, Market}\tabcellsep Renewal Capital,\\ components\tabcellsep Renewal Capital,\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Renewal Capital,}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Capital and Process Capital}\tabcellsep Market Capital, and\\ \tabcellsep Market Capital,\tabcellsep Market Capital,\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Process Capital\\ \tabcellsep and Process Capital\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{and Process Capital}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Assets\tabcellsep Intangibles and Tangibles together\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Intangibles and Tangibles together}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Intangibles and tangibles together}\tabcellsep Intangibles and Tangibles together\\ Methodology\tabcellsep KEI and KI\tabcellsep GII and two\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{The data are obtained from}\tabcellsep 331\\ \tabcellsep are calculated\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{sub-indices are}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{international databases and}\tabcellsep indicators are\\ \tabcellsep by averaging\tabcellsep determined:\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{survey A total of twelve}\tabcellsep used to\\ \tabcellsep indicators.\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Innovation Input}\tabcellsep components\tabcellsep (pillars)\tabcellsep are\tabcellsep determine\\ \tabcellsep Each indicator\tabcellsep and Innovation\tabcellsep \tabcellsep determined\tabcellsep using\tabcellsep 112\tabcellsep 20 variables,\\ \tabcellsep is standardized\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Output. The first}\tabcellsep indicators.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep which are\\ \tabcellsep (scale 1-10)\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{sub-index included:}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{The pillars are clustered in}\tabcellsep grouped into 4\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{institutions, human}\tabcellsep Basic\tabcellsep \tabcellsep competitiveness\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep capital\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Requirements (institutions,}\tabcellsep factors. Each\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep and research,\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{infrastructure, macroeconomic}\tabcellsep factor reports\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep infrastructure,\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{stability, and health and}\tabcellsep an index\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep market\tabcellsep \tabcellsep primary\tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep sophistication,\tabcellsep \tabcellsep education),\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Efficiency}\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep and business\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{enhancers (higher education}\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{sophistication. The}\tabcellsep and training,\tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{innovation output}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{goods market efficiency, labor}\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep index included:\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{market efficiency, financial}\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{scientific outputs}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{market sophistication,}\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep and creative\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{technological readiness, and}\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep outputs.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{market size), and Innovation}\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Sub-pillar scores}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{and sophistication factors}\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{are calculated as}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{(business sophistication and}\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep the weighted\tabcellsep \tabcellsep innovation\tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{average of individual}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{indicators; pillar}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep scores are\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{calculated as the}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{simple average of}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{the sub-pillar scores}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ V.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_2}Table III :}\end{figure} \footnote{© 2017 Global Journals Inc. (US)} \footnote{BIntellectual Capital Assessment Models in Clusters: A Literature Review} \backmatter \par This study has some limitations due to the wide dispersion of information related to IC and clusters. Therefore, there is probably more information on IC at the cluster level, although the literature reviewed is the most often cited and recognized by leading authors. \begin{bibitemlist}{1} \bibitem[Porter ()]{b13}\label{b13} ‘Clusters and the new economics of competition’. M Porter . \textit{Harvard Business Review} 1998. 76 (6) p. . \bibitem[Keeble and Wilkinson ()]{b5}\label{b5} ‘Collective learning and knowledge development in the evolution of regional cluster of high technology SMEs in Europe’. D Keeble , F Wilkinson . \textit{Regional Studies} 1999. 33 p. . \bibitem[Smedlund and Po¨yho¨nen ()]{b14}\label{b14} ‘Intellectual capital creation in regions: a knowledge system approach’. A Smedlund , A Po¨yho¨nen . \textit{Intellectual Capital for Communities: Nations, Regions and Cities}, A Bounfour, L Edvinsson (ed.) (New York, NY) 2004. Butterworth-Heinemann. \bibitem[Petty and Guthrie ()]{b8}\label{b8} ‘Intellectual capital literature review: measurement, reporting and management’. R Petty , J Guthrie . \textit{Journal of Intellectual Capital} 2000. 1 (2) p. . \bibitem[Bank (2012)]{b19}\label{b19} \textit{Knowledge assessment methodology}, World Bank . \url{www.worldbank.org/kam} 2012. 2012. January 10, 2017. \bibitem[Bontis ()]{b1}\label{b1} ‘National intellectual capital index: the benchmarking of Arab countries’. N Bontis . \textit{Journal of Intellectual Capital} 2004. 5 (1) p. . \bibitem[Porter ()]{b10}\label{b10} M Porter . \textit{Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analysing Industries and Competitors}, (New York, NY) 1980. Free Press. \bibitem[Brusco (1986)]{b2}\label{b2} ‘Small firms and industrial districts: the experience of Italy’. S Brusco . \textit{Economia Internazionale} 1986. 2/3/4. 39 p. . \bibitem[Maillat ()]{b6}\label{b6} \textit{SMEs, innovation and territorial development}, D Maillat . 1989. Arco. (paper presented at the European Summer Institute of the Regional Science Association) \bibitem[Porter ()]{b11}\label{b11} \textit{The Competitive Advantage of Nations}, M Porter . 1990. New York, NY: The Free Press. \bibitem[Storper and Scott (ed.) ()]{b16}\label{b16} \textit{The geographical foundations and social regulation of flexible production complexes}, M Storper , A Scott . Wolch, J. and Dear, M. (ed.) 1989. Boston, MA: Unwin and Hyman. p. . (The Power of Geography: How Territory Shapes Social Life Social Reproduction) \bibitem[The Global Competitiveness Report World Economic Forum Geneva ()]{b18}\label{b18} ‘The Global Competitiveness Report’. \textit{World Economic Forum Geneva} 2010. 2010-2011. (WEF) \bibitem[Dutta ()]{b3}\label{b3} ‘The Global Innovation Index’. S Dutta . \textit{Accelerating Growth and Development} 2011. 2011. \bibitem[Bellandi ()]{b0}\label{b0} ‘The industrial district in Marshall’. M Bellandi . \textit{Small Firms and Industrial Districts in}, E Goodman, J Bamford (ed.) (Italy, Routledge, London) 1989. \bibitem[Storper ()]{b15}\label{b15} ‘The limits of the globalization: technology districts and international trade’. M Storper . \textit{Economic Geography} 1992. 68 p. . \bibitem[Martins and Viedma ()]{b7}\label{b7} \textit{The region's intellectual capital benchmarking system: tapping into a region's economic growth potential from an intellectual capital view}, B Martins , J M Viedma . 2004. Toronto. (working paper presented at Knowledge Management and Intellectual Capital International Conference) \bibitem[Piore and Sabel ()]{b9}\label{b9} \textit{The Second Industrial Divide}, M Piore , C Sabel . 1984. New York, NY: Basic Books. \bibitem[Uzzi ()]{b17}\label{b17} ‘The sources and consequences of embeddedness for the economic performance of organizations’. B Uzzi . \textit{American Sociological Review} 1996. 61 p. . \bibitem[Porter ()]{b12}\label{b12} ‘Toward a dynamic theory of strategy’. M Porter . \textit{Strategic Management Journal} 1991. 12 p. . \bibitem[World Competitiveness Yearbook (WCY), IMD, Lausanne available at IMD (2012)]{b4}\label{b4} ‘World Competitiveness Yearbook (WCY), IMD, Lausanne available at’. \url{www.imd.org/research/publications/wcy/index.cfm} \textit{IMD} 2012. January 13, 2017. \end{bibitemlist} \end{document}