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plus\p@ minus\p@ \itemsep 1pt} } \makeatother \fvset{frame=single,numberblanklines=false,xleftmargin=5mm,xrightmargin=5mm} \fancyhf{} \setlength{\headheight}{14pt} \fancyhead[LE]{\bfseries\leftmark} \fancyhead[RO]{\bfseries\rightmark} \fancyfoot[RO]{} \fancyfoot[CO]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[LO]{\TheID} \fancyfoot[LE]{} \fancyfoot[CE]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[RE]{\TheID} \hypersetup{citebordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,linkbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,urlbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,bookmarksnumbered=true} \fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}} \date{} \usepackage{authblk} \providecommand{\keywords}[1] { \footnotesize \textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1 } \usepackage{graphicx,xcolor} \definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81} \definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9} \definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70} \definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} \renewenvironment{abstract}{% \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space} }{% \vskip8pt \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt } \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \author[1]{Ikrame Selkani} \affil[1]{ University of Jaen- Spain} \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 16 December 2016 Accepted: 4 January 2017 Published: 15 January 2017} \maketitle \begin{abstract} City marketing is a field that is practiced in all over the world; it was developed through different stages throughout the years. The purpose of this study is to review the city marketing literature and all similar disciplines, in order to understand the very beginning of the field and its development through the time.Design/Methodology/Approach: City marketing is a field that becomes, nowadays, very important to every city and territory. A link will be shown to understand the history of the city marketing through the years and its importance now. \end{abstract} \keywords{city marketing, city branding, place marketing, literature, review.} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \let\tabcellsep& \section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par he city marketing is an area that has been practiced since the 19 th century \hyperref[b33]{(Kavaratzis, 2004)}, however it's a discipline that has a huge lack of academic researches. Its origin stem from social and nonprofit marketing \hyperref[b44]{(Kotler \& Levy 1969;} {\ref Koter \& Zaltman, 1971)} and it has been practiced for many centuries for the development and promotion of places, cities, and nations {\ref (Kavaratzis \& Ashwoth, 2008)}.\par Throughout the time, the terminology has been developed, and many concepts were introduced to vary the understanding. Therefore the field progressed from the initial "place selling" approach to the use of integrated marketing and branding techniques {\ref (Ashworth \& Voodg, 1990}\hyperref[b2]{, 1994;} {\ref Kotler et al. 1993} {\ref Kotler et al. , 1999}; van den berg {\ref \& Braun, 1999;}\hyperref[b67]{Rainisto, 2003;} {\ref Gertner, 2011)}.\par Usually, when we talk about city marketing or any of the similar concepts, we extend our understanding to the urban areas: those maybe cities, town, regions, territories.\par Along this article, we will see the literature reviews of those concepts in the aim to understand from where it comes and where are we going. \section[{II.}]{II.} \section[{Literature Review of the Concept}]{Literature Review of the Concept}\par City marketing is a field that mixes between a multiple disciplines. This interdisciplinary nature led to confusion between the academics and the practitioners.\par However, the concept has developed and left some cities wondering on how cities as a brand could be designed and managed {\ref (Marrilees et al, 2012)}.\par The aim of these concepts is to increase the investment and tourism by development the community by reinforcing local identity and activating social forces \hyperref[b34]{(Kavaratzis, 2007)}.\par The interest of the field, globally, is to improve the competitive image of deprived places can help to the development of an empirical framework which can make a significant step towards theory making \hyperref[b56]{(Niedomysl \& Jonasson, 2012)}.\par City marketing is a complex field which gathers a multiple academic disciplines: geography, urban planning, economic development, tourism, etc \hyperref[b6]{(Berglund \& Olsson, 2010)}. This mixture of all the discipline doesn't let a clear understand of the concept \hyperref[b56]{(Niedomysl \& Jonasson, 2012)}.\par The same confusion is there, when we talk about specific journals for publication: place marketing can be interchangeable to "place branding", "urban marketing", "city marketing", "territorial marketing" and vice versa \hyperref[b70]{(Skinner, 2008)}.\par Even though, cities use branding as an instrument to define themselves and achieve attractive positions and positive perceptions of the mind of key audiences \hyperref[b3]{(Kavaratzis \& Ashworth, 2009)}.\par Often, city marketing is defined as a management process {\ref (Kolter et al, 1999;}\hyperref[b67]{Rainisto, 2003)} which encompasses the attempts of the place differentiation for competitive advantage over other places. City branding has been defined as the "purpose symbolic embodiment of all information connected to a city in order to create association around it" \hyperref[b50]{(Lucarelli \& Berg, 2011)}.\par One wide world reason is that cities in all over the planet engage themselves in marketing and branding efforts, in order to stay competitive and relevant on the global market .\par Another definition of the place marketing concept can be used, which says: "the measures taken, by actors appointed to govern a place, to improve the competitive image of that place with explicit aim of attracting capital from elsewhere" \hyperref[b56]{(Niedomysl \& Jonasson, 2012)}.\par The marketing of urban places are practiced since the 19 th century \hyperref[b33]{(Kavaratzis, 2004)}. There is a need to identify the real history of all those concepts, in order a) Meta-analisis\par The real stage where the city marketing occurs now is still in the very beginning level, due to the number of researches that were done in this area. Despite this, the reality says something else: the biggest cities in the world began to interest, and even to practice some theories about the field, such as, territorial communication, encouraging some activities to take place: (Investments, Olympic sports, cultural events?), in order to be known on a national and an international level. Hence, an increasing number of cities and regions around the world began to establish some logos and brands for their cities: 'I Love New York'; 'I Am Amsterdam'; 'Be Brussels'; 'Be Berlin'; cOPENhagen (Open for you)'; 'Lond-On';? however these decision have been taken from 1977, therefore, the city marketing appeared as a field and area. Although, the academic researchers are not well completed and full in this area, and even the cities find they practicing some of the key.\par City branding has been defined as the 'purposeful symbolic embodiment of all information connected to a city in order to create associations around it' {\ref (Lucarelli \& Berg, 2011, p. 21)}. It can be used as a strategic tool to provide cities with a source of economic, political and cultural value {\ref (Kavaratzis,} In other words, cities use branding as an instrument to define themselves and achieve attractive positions and positive perceptions in the minds of key audiences \hyperref[b3]{(Kavaratzis \& Ashworth, 2009)}.\par This article then presents as originality: the history of city marketing through the JCR impact journals and try to give a summary to this area and relatively young and new field that begins to grow and the receive importance to metropolises , major cities in the country that developed countries, and to developing countries. \section[{III.}]{III.} \section[{Research Methodology}]{Research Methodology}\par The field of city marketing and similar concepts has known a very important stage of advancements and contribution from a lot of articles and researches that was done by different authors from different part of the world. Today, in this article, we are going to analyze the different articles that talk about city marketing or similar concepts, published in JCR journals of impact. Exploring this research will give us some answers in order to know the history of the concept city marketing academically through the articles published in JCR journals.\par Place marketing's validity as an academic field of knowledge is under threat (Gertner, 2011). \section[{a) Contribution to knowledge}]{a) Contribution to knowledge}\par City marketing and similar concepts that are the focus of this study is a new field that is underresearched topic. The aim of this study is to help to understand the history and the beginning of this concept and where we are now in front of this study. \section[{Year of publication}]{Year of publication}\par According to the statistics that we have realized, we notice that the beginning of the research of place marketing and similar concepts began in 1993, under the Journal Citations Reports in social sciences of 2015. The first journals published some articles and papers about city marketing with 2\%, this proportion was growing up till reaching 18\% in 2015.\par Through the years, we have seen that the peaks of the publications in the Journal Citation Reports are: 1999 with 5\%, 2007 with 7\%, 2010, has been increasing till 11\%, and 16\% in 2013, and then stagnated in 18\% in 2015.\par According to the research that we've done, we can forward that the case study that was chosen in the majority of the papers was Beijing with 8\%.\par In second place, there were many cities that were chosen in the empiric part of the articles such as: Hong Kong, Turin, Shanghai, Berlin, and Rio de Janeiro. This means that the majority of the papers choose the city of Beijing, its role in the world, as a strong city that found the right way to make it know with City marketing and similar concepts in order to be good economically and touristically. \section[{Case study by Countries}]{Case study by Countries}\par Concerning the countries of the case study of the articles that we've studied, we can say that the majority of the articles were talking about different cities in the same country which concludes that, China is on the top of the list with 20\% then Germany and Australia with 10\%, and then Italy, UK and South Korea with 7\%.\par As we have seen, China is one of the most important countries found at the empiric part of the papers that we have studied, in the second place we find Germany, as a strong country in different areas and especially. \section[{Place marketing 36\%}]{Place marketing 36\%}\par City marketing 20\% \section[{Keywords}]{Keywords}\par From all the research that was done from 1993 till 2015, the keyword very used is "Place marketing" with 36\%, then we find City branding with 24\%, and then 20\% dedicated to "City marketing".\par The main useful keyword is Place marketing referring to the place that has know a strategy of marketing in order to have a better future, than the city branding, referring to the importance of the brand in a city or a territory that makes it easier for the tourists and visitors to remember it, and the city marketing, that is referring to the marketing used to the cities. The authors that wrote the articles from 1993 till 2015 about city marketing and similar concepts are from: UK with 9\%, then USA with 6\%, 5\% is common between China and Australia,, then we find Italy with 4\%, and finally, Germany and Netherlands with 3\%.\par V. \section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par This study has explored the articles that were published in JCR journals and revues. In this sense, the articles published between 1996 ans 2015 were analyzed, even tough, the study is not definitive. It only helps to summarize and interpret, analyzing the item that was choosen in this work.\par The main result that we have noticed is that, the cities that are discussed at the study empirical part has to do with two continents: in one hand, Asia, in order words China because most of the articles talk about Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong, China's cities. In other hand, the articles talk about a very strong country in Europe which is Germany: Berlin, Munich, Hamburg. The city branding is definied as a demand oriented approach. \hyperref[b59]{(Oguztimur, Akturan, 2015)}.\par The city marketing, literature is under construction and development. Most of the studies are derived from marketing and management \hyperref[b33]{(Kavaratzis, 2004}\hyperref[b34]{(Kavaratzis, , 2007) )} and brand management \hyperref[b3]{(Kavaratzis \& Ashworth, 2009)}. Therefore, excluded the articles that were published elsewhere, and the books that are talking about the same fields, conferences proceeding, articles that are not available electronically.\par The city marketing field and its similar concepts needs a considerable research contributed b practionners. Through the entire article, the study has explored different articles mostly in English that was published in many revues of impact: "JCR" that talked This study has some limitations. The main limitation of this article is that, the study explored the literature just from JCR journals from Urban Studies Area and the research was done with these keywords: Place Marketing, City Marketing, City Branding, Place Branding, Branding cities, Marketing places, Place promotion, Urban branding. about city marketing, city branding, place marketing, territorial marketing.\par This study leads to analyze and interpret all the results that were shown in order to summarize the real history of this field that was shown and published academically.\par The study has shown that, the earliest article about these keywords was academically published in 1996.\par The study analyzes the articles per years, revues, the university and the case study "place".\begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png} \caption{\label{figure2}}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png} \caption{\label{figure3}}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png} \caption{\label{figure4}}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png} \caption{\label{figure5}}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1} \par 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study examines the perceived\tabcellsep satisfaction of foreign visitors who\tabcellsep have visited at least one Korean\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{metropolitan city through a}\tabcellsep questionnaire survey and suggests\tabcellsep some policies for making a city more\tabcellsep attractive\tabcellsep Examining the relationship between\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{hallmark events and three}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{characteristics of the post-modern}\tabcellsep city: the importance of marketing\tabcellsep places.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Dong-A\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{University}\tabcellsep South Korea\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{University of}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Wollongong}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Australia}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Busan city}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{South Korea}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Sydney}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Australia}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Still Bay\tabcellsep South Africa\\ 1.355\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.909\\ International visitors\tabcellsep satisfaction with\tabcellsep Pusan city\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{and its implications}\tabcellsep for city marketing\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Playing Games with\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Sydney: Marketing}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Sydney}\tabcellsep for the 2000\tabcellsep Olympics\tabcellsep Place marketing,\tabcellsep tourism promotion\tabcellsep and community\tabcellsep based local\tabcellsep economic\tabcellsep development in\tabcellsep post-apartheid\tabcellsep South Africa\tabcellsep The Case of Still\tabcellsep Bay-The\tabcellsep "Bay of Sleeping\tabcellsep Beauty"\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Hai Sik Sohn}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{\& Cheol Park}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Etienne Nel ;\tabcellsep Tony Binns\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Urban}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{geography}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Urban}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{studies}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Journal of\tabcellsep urban affairs\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{1999}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 2002\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Place}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{marketing}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Place\tabcellsep marketing\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_1}Table 1 :}\end{figure} \footnote{© 2017 Global Journals Inc. (US)} \footnote{( ) 2017 © 2017 Global Journals Inc. (US) 1} \footnote{© 2017 Global Journals Inc. (US) 1} \backmatter \subsection[{Journal of publication}]{Journal of publication}\par From 1993 till 2015, there was several and various publications that was done in many journals, and the most common in publications of the papers according to place marketing and city branding field, we can say that the "Urban Studies" with 13\%, then "Journal of Planning Literature" with 18\%, and finally 33\% with the journal: "Cities".\par This means that impact factor of the journals of publication has a great and a very important role at the acceptance of the papers of quality. \begin{bibitemlist}{1} \bibitem[Ye and Li ()]{b83}\label{b83} ‘A Practical Approach of Hierarchy Process Analysis in Modeling MICE City Brand Attributes System’. S Ye , X Li . \textit{Advances in Applied Economics, Business and Development}, (Berlin Heidelberg) 2011. Springer. p. . \bibitem[Lawson ()]{b48}\label{b48} ‘A rhetorical study of in-flight real estate advertisements as a potential site of ethical transformation in Chinese cities’. G Lawson . \textit{Cities} 2013. 31 p. . \bibitem[Lawson ()]{b49}\label{b49} ‘A rhetorical study of in-flight real estate advertisements as a potential site of ethical transformation in Chinese cities’. G Lawson . \textit{Cities} 2013. 31 p. . \bibitem[Ashworth and Kavaratzis ()]{b3}\label{b3} ‘Beyond the logo: Brand management for cities’. G Ashworth , M Kavaratzis . \textit{Journal of Brand Management} 2009. 16 (8) p. . \bibitem[Zavattaro and Adams ()]{b84}\label{b84} ‘Bridging the gap: An exploration of how DMO managers use education to overcome challenges’. S M Zavattaro , F G Adams . \textit{Urban Studies} 2015. p. 0042098014568069. \bibitem[Kotler and Levy ()]{b44}\label{b44} ‘Broadening the concept of marketing’. P Kotler , S J Levy . \textit{The Journal of Marketing} 1969. p. . \bibitem[Avraham and Daugherty ()]{b4}\label{b4} ‘But we also have watercolors, acrylics \& pastels": Media strategies for marketing small cities and towns in Texas’. E Avraham , D Daugherty . \textit{Cities} 2009. 26 (6) p. . (We're known for oil) \bibitem[Avraham and Daugherty ()]{b5}\label{b5} ‘But we also have watercolors, acrylics \& pastels": Media strategies for marketing small cities and towns in Texas’. E Avraham , D Daugherty . \textit{Cities} 2009. 26 (6) p. . (We're known for oil) \bibitem[Zhao ()]{b90}\label{b90} ‘China's leading historical and cultural city': Branding Dali City through publicprivate partnerships in Bai architecture revitalization’. Y Zhao . \textit{Cities} 2015. 49 p. . \bibitem[Zhang and Zhao ()]{b88}\label{b88} ‘City branding and the Olympic effect: A case study of Beijing’. L Zhang , S X Zhao . \textit{Cities} 2009. 26 (5) p. . \bibitem[Zhang and Zhao ()]{b89}\label{b89} ‘City branding and the Olympic effect: A case study of Beijing’. L Zhang , S X Zhao . \textit{Cities} 2009. 26 (5) p. . \bibitem[Anttiroiko ()]{b0}\label{b0} ‘City Branding as a Response to Global Intercity Competition’. A V Anttiroiko . \textit{Growth and Change} 2014. \bibitem[Lucarelli and Berg ()]{b50}\label{b50} ‘City branding: a state-of-the-art review of the research domain’. A Lucarelli , P Berg . \textit{Journal of place management and development} 2011. 4 (1) p. . \bibitem[Kavaratzis and Ashworth ()]{b36}\label{b36} ‘City branding: an effective assertion of identity or a transitory marketing trick’. M Kavaratzis , G J Ashworth . \textit{Tijdschrift voor economis cheen sociale geografie}, 2005. 96 p. 506. \bibitem[Kavaratzis and Ashworth ()]{b37}\label{b37} ‘City branding: an effective assertion of identity or a transitory marketing trick’. 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G J Hospers . \textit{Intereconomics} 2003. 38 (5) p. . \bibitem[Okano and Samson ()]{b60}\label{b60} ‘Cultural urban branding and creative cities: A theoretical framework for promoting creativity in the public spaces’. H Okano , D Samson . \textit{Cities} 2010. 27 p. . \bibitem[Okano and Samson ()]{b61}\label{b61} ‘Cultural urban branding and creative cities: A theoretical framework for promoting creativity in the public spaces’. H Okano , D Samson . \textit{Cities} 2010. 27 p. . \bibitem[Ulldemolins ()]{b72}\label{b72} ‘Culture and authenticity in urban regeneration processes: Place branding in central Barcelona’. J R Ulldemolins . \textit{Urban Studies} 2014. p. 0042098013515762. \bibitem[Maiello and Pasquinelli ()]{b52}\label{b52} ‘Destruction or construction? A (counter) branding analysis of sport mega-events in Rio de Janeiro’. A Maiello , C Pasquinelli . \textit{Cities} 2015. 48 p. . \bibitem[Maiello and Pasquinelli ()]{b53}\label{b53} ‘Destruction or construction? 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F Wu . \textit{Cities} 2010. 27 (5) p. . \bibitem[Wu ()]{b82}\label{b82} ‘Gated and packaged suburbia: Packaging and branding Chinese suburban residential development’. F Wu . \textit{Cities} 2010. 27 (5) p. . \bibitem[Kwon and Vogt ()]{b47}\label{b47} ‘Identifying the role of cognitive, affective, and behavioral components in understanding residents' attitudes toward place marketing’. J Kwon , C A Vogt . \textit{Journal of Travel Research} 2010. 49 (4) p. . \bibitem[Navarro and Martinez-Martinez ()]{b13}\label{b13} ‘Improving competitiveness through city marketing in Spanish hotels’. Cegarra Navarro , J G Martinez-Martinez , A . \textit{The Service Industries Journal} 2011. 31 (9) p. . \bibitem[Sohn and Park ()]{b71}\label{b71} ‘International visitors' satisfaction with Pusan city and its implications for city marketing’. 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G J Hospers . \textit{Journal of Place Management and Development} 2010. 3 (3) p. . \bibitem[Ashworth and Voogd ()]{b2}\label{b2} \textit{Marketing and place promotion. Place promotion: the use of publicity and marketing to sell towns and regions}, G J Ashworth , H Voogd . 1994. p. . \bibitem[Pow and Kong ()]{b64}\label{b64} ‘Marketing the Chinese dream home: gated communities and representations of the good life in (post-) socialist Shanghai’. C P Pow , L Kong . \textit{Urban Geography} 2007. 28 (2) p. . \bibitem[Sánchez ()]{b68}\label{b68} \textit{Metodología para la investigación en marketing y dirección de empresas}, F J S Sánchez . 1999. \bibitem[Merrilees et al. ()]{b54}\label{b54} ‘Multiple stakeholders and multiple city brand meanings’. B Merrilees , D Miller , C Herington . \textit{European Journal of Marketing} 2012. 46 (7/8) p. . \bibitem[Kavaratzis and Ashworth ()]{b38}\label{b38} ‘Partners in coffeeshops, canals and commerce: Marketing the city of Amsterdam’. 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J Eshuis , E H Klijn , E Braun . \textit{International Review of Administrative Sciences} 2014. 80 (1) p. . \bibitem[Page and Hardyman ()]{b63}\label{b63} ‘Place marketing and town centre management: A new tool for urban revitalization’. S J Page , R Hardyman . \textit{Cities} 1996. 13 (3) p. . \bibitem[Eshuis et al. ()]{b21}\label{b21} ‘Place marketing as governance strategy: An assessment of obstacles in place marketing and their effects on attracting target groups’. J Eshuis , E Braun , E H Klijn . \textit{Public Administration Review} 2013. 73 (3) p. . \bibitem[Eshuis et al. ()]{b22}\label{b22} ‘Place marketing as governance strategy: An assessment of obstacles in place marketing and their effects on attracting target groups’. 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