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\title{Ecotourism Potentials, Challenges and Prospects of Maze National Park, South West Ethiopia}
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             \author[1]{Wegene Getachew  Andabo}

             \affil[1]{  Arba Minch University}

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\date{\small \em Received: 8 December 2016 Accepted: 31 December 2016 Published: 15 January 2017}

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\begin{abstract}
        


The study was carried out in Maze National Park in the South West Ethiopia to identify the opportunities, challenges and prospects for sustainable ecotourism in the Park. The study employed survey design using exploratory indepth interview, focus group discussion and participant's observation. Data was collected from primary and secondary sources. Interviews indicated wildlife, savanna plains, landscape, bilbo hot spring, wonja stone cave, religious trees and rivers were the major ecotourism potentials of the park. Focus group discussions revealed population pressure, wildlife death and migration, conflict of interest, poor political commitment and climate change as major challenges for ecotourism in Maze National Park. Among others, organizing staff profile, community participation and benefit sharing, adequate budget allocation, improved livestock production, building water points, harvesting timber and non-timber products and infrastructure development were identified to be the main prospects of the park. Therefore, the results of the present study underpins that sustainable ecotourism in Maze National Park will be realized if the immense potentials of the park are well-managed, its challenges are well-addressed and its prospects are well-embraced; and multilateral action plans for ecotourism development become a guiding principle among all stakeholders.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{Community-based ecotourism, Ecotourism, Male, Maze National Park, Sustainable ecotourism, Tourism.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 \par
Ecotourism Potentials, Challenges and Prospects of Maze National Park, South West EthiopiaI.\par
Introduction ourism is a planned and time bounded traveling in person or team to places outside one's own village for visit, leisure, business and other purposes. Previously tourism was considered as a visit trip to natural and/or man made areas of high aesthetic value. Humans have used to travel since ancient time leading nomadic life, visiting, trade, communication, encroaching, settlement and other purposes. Nowadays, humans travel to most corners of the planet and even beyond the planet, known as space tourism \hyperref[b17]{(Yogi, 2010)}.\par
Tourism has become an important trade and prosperity sector. The main benefits of tourism are income creation and generation of jobs. Tourism contributes to 5\% of the world's GDP and account for 6\% of world's exports being the fourth largest export sector next to fuels, chemicals and automotive products \hyperref[b12]{(Rajani and Vasanthakumari, 2015)}. The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) estimated that Travel and Tourism generated US\$7.6 trillion (10\% of global GDP) and 277 million jobs (1 in 11 jobs) for the global economy in 2014 \hyperref[b15]{(WTTC, 2015)}. Parallel report by WTTC indicates the international tourist arrivals also surged, reaching nearly 1.14 billion and visitor spending more than matched that growth. Visitors from emerging economies now represent a 46\% share of these international arrivals (up from 38\% in 2000), proving the growth and increased opportunities for travel from those in these new markets.\par
Tourism alone has become the biggest industry in the world in terms of economic value, including gross output, value added, capital investment, employment, and tax contribution; and responsible for over 230 million jobs and 10 percent of the gross domestic product \hyperref[b14]{(Theobald, 2005)}. Tourism generates positive economic growth to both host countries and tourists' home countries. For this reason, tourism has been seriously considered in the national sustainable development strategies of many developing countries to generate huge economy from their less threatened natural resources.\par
The rapid growth of tourism in complementation of economic development during the last few decades has also led to an increasing concern of its impacts. The economic benefits of the tourism industry has caused mass tourism which have caused considerable impacts on local communities with respect to culture eroding, conflicts, economic disruption, trades of exotic pets and drug, commercial sex, disturbance of wildlife and the natural environments of the host destinations \hyperref[b17]{(Yogi, 2010)}. The development models that societies have adopted throughout the twentieth century were characterized by encouraging industrialization and promoting economic growth, rather than the maintenance of ecosystem goods and services \hyperref[b6]{(Fonesca, 2012)}.\par
Thus, to develop the tourism sector and enhance its potentials, it needs pre-concern of the attributes of society, nature and environment. Unlike the conventional tourism to natural areas and to the people who live in and around them, scholars have developed ecotourism, a niche within the tourism industry, which is responsible travel to natural areas [in a way] that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of the local people \hyperref[b2]{(Biqi, 2012)}. Ecotourism primarily means marketing the serene natural habitats as tourism 'product' with an inherent element of nature education \hyperref[b12]{(Rajani and Vasanthakumari, 2015)}.\par
Ethiopia endows wide range of natural, biological, cultural and artifact diversities which suit to the tourism industry. Throughout the last decade, the country is eagerly promoting ecotourism for tourists from homeland and abroad. However, the implementation of national strategies and regulatory frameworks of ecotourism in developing countries is challenging. Developing countries are highly dependent on natural resources in the surrounding environment and in protected areas such as National Parks. Hence, developing sustainable ecotourism needs approaches. Sustainable ecotourism or conservation of biodiversity in National Parks is done through two main approaches: one approach is the preservation approach, in which National Parks are set aside to exclude human activities except for tourism. The other approach is communitybased conservation approach that allows local people around National Parks to benefit socially or economically from parks. The former was dominant approach until the 1980s, but it has now been substituted by community-based conservation \hyperref[b10]{(Muhumuza and Balkwill, 2013)} to ensure sustainable ecotourism through local communities' participation, ecotourism development and equitable sharing of benefits.\par
As stated above, tourism is a big development sector; and ecotourism is the marketing of nature in a way that environmental processes, the ecosystem services and goods, are conserved. Sustainable ecotourism is a result of infrastructure development, equitable sharing of benefit and creating alternative livelihoods to local communities around tourism destinations. In Ethiopia, sustainable ecotourism is doubtful or poorly managed as more than 80\% of the population is nature dependent, agrarian community who manipulate nature on the basis of their interest rather than the approaches to sustainable ecotourism.\par
This paper aims to identify the ecotourism potentials, challenges and prospects of ecotourism in Maze National Park to provide an input for policy makers and implementers for the development of a modern and sustainable nature-based tourism industry in Ethiopia. 
\section[{II. Research Methodology a) Description of Study Area}]{II. Research Methodology a) Description of Study Area}\par
Maze National Park (MNP) was established in 2005 and found at 6025'N37014'E \hyperref[b1]{(Andabo and Gamo, 2015)}. MNP is located at the lowland altitude in the boundaries of Quca, Zala, Daramalo and Kamba Weredas. The park exhibits long semi arid climate. The park is found at 473 kms from Addis Ababa, capital city of Ethiopia and Africa, and at 83 kms from Wolaita Soddo in the main road which crosses the park in way to Gofa Sawla. Therefore, MNP is easily accessible for tourists from abroad and inland who want to visit the natural beauty of the park. 
\section[{b) Methods}]{b) Methods}\par
The study used survey design (Kelley et al.,   2003) to assess the potentials, challenges and prospects of Maze National Park for community-based sustainable ecotourism. For this purpose mixed research approach was employed including participant's observation including field survey using binocular and camera, interview and focus group discussion. The study primarily used two categories of in-depth interview questions, one for MNP staffs and the other for local communities. Exploratory household interview was carried out to explore livelihood experiences of participants \hyperref[b18]{(Zaiton et al., 2013}) and the rest of local communities.\par
The study exhaustively used a set of data from primary and secondary sources. Primary data sources were obtained from local community, MNP management and staffs, Male semi-pastoralists, GO and NGO and participant's observation of local livelihood and field survey. Secondary sources were reviewed from books, documents from Maze National Park, published and unpublished materials and Web. There are seventeen kebeles adjacent to Maze National Park. Five kebeles from three Weredas were purposively selected as cases for this study, 2 from Quca Wereda (Masha Caba and Masha Morka), 1 from Daramalo Wereda (Domi'a-Umala) and 2 from Zala Wereda (Mella Gayile and Wagesho). These kebeles were reported to have high interaction with the park by the MNP management. The sample size for this study was determined using (Yemane, 1967) at 95\% confidence interval.n = N 1 + N (e) 2\par
Where n is the sample size, N is the population size and e is the level of precision. In a week field survey in the selected kebeles, it was remarked that at least 80 households visit the park on daily bases. When this formula is applied, we get a sample size of 67 households. Then, 13 households from each kebeles except Masha Caba (from which 15 households) were randomly selected for interview. Key informant focus group discussions in each of the five kebeles were held with five individuals who were selected from the interviewees because they had better knowledge of the park and its surroundings. Besides the local communities, 20 MNP staff members were interviewed and of these five key informants were selected for focus group discussion. Eight focus group discussions were made, 5 with local communities, one with MNP staffs, one with 3 experts (Quca Wereda Rural and agriculture development office head, Quca wereda natural resource protection expert and head of NGO in Morka) and one with Male Semi-pastoralists coming to Maze National Park were purposively selected. Accordingly, 87 respondents and 38 individuals participated in the interview session and focus group discussions, respectively. 
\section[{III. Results and Discussions}]{III. Results and Discussions}\par
The analysis of interview and focus group discussion revealed Maze National Park, formerly called Shambara \hyperref[b1]{(Andabo and Gamo, 2015)} by local communities endowed large populations of medium to large size mammals including elephant (Loxodonta africana), giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), tiger (Panthera tigris) and buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the last century. The park is significant for its biotic and physical resources. However, resource accumulation within the park, unmet expectations, biotic pressures, lack of infrastructure and stochastic perturbations in the landscape are the prominent bottlenecks for sustainability of the park. 
\section[{a) Ecotourism}]{a) Ecotourism}\par
Ecotourism is an environmentally conscious travel that enhances a traveler's appreciation of nature's beauty and biodiversity, while reducing the carbon footprint  {\ref (Biki, 2012)}. Due to the recent establishment of the park and lack of infrastructure, tourism statistics of Maze National Park is low. But, the scenic landscape of the park is calling upon many tourist arrivals. Ecotourism has been marketed as a form of nature-based tourism \hyperref[b5]{(Dabour, 2003)}. According to MNP Head Quarter office, most tourist arrivals to Maze National Park are from Spain, Italy, German, Netherland, Scotland and Poland. Inland tourist flow is better relative to foreign arrivals, but remains poor except for University students visiting the park for educational purpose mainly from Wolaita Soddo and Arba Minch Universities. Due to low flow of tourists, the park revenue, in Ethiopian birr, is below the expected.  
\section[{Tourist arrivals to Maze National Park}]{Tourist arrivals to Maze National Park} 
\section[{Ethiopian tourists Foreighner arrivals Revenue}]{Ethiopian tourists Foreighner arrivals Revenue}\par
Table  {\ref 1}: Ecotourism opportunities in Maze National Park: Interview Analysis\par
As indicated above (Table  {\ref 1}) wildlife, rivers, Wonja stone cave, Bilbo hot spring, savanna grass and the scenic landscape of MNP are among the major ecotourism attractions. The investigator has also observed that medium to large mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, rodents, vegetation and the gifted landscape are the basic components of ecotourism in the park's catchment. While visiting the south tip of the park, the Bilbo natural hot spring was amazing beauty of MNP. the Bilbo hot spring is their Abuwa (Ark) to which local communities and outsiders come to get healed from their physical and spiritual illnesses and to be free from any curse. Among others, visitors of Bilbo hot spring come from Zala, Dingamo, Garsa Anko, Hanika, Shella and Maze. They swear any oath in the name of the Bilbo hot spring. The local community has strong traditional belief that the spring is the cause for their blessings and curses. The elder informed that people sacrifice to the Bilbo hot spring to get something they wish/pray from spiritual point of view. Unlike other resources of the park, local communities have good attitude towards Bilbo hot spring due to its physical and spiritual values. This is an indication to the fact that equitable sharing of benefits or creation of alternative means of benefiting local communities will enhance community-based ecotourism in MNP. 
\section[{c) Challenges of Ecotourism and Sustainable Tourism in Maze National Park}]{c) Challenges of Ecotourism and Sustainable Tourism in Maze National Park}\par
Major challenges posed on Maze National Park come from outside and are enumerated under. Landuse changes that have occurred in Maze National Park have caused shrinkage in both the park area and land-cover \hyperref[b0]{(Andabo, 2012)}. The importance and scope of ecotourism is expanding as its sustainability  \hyperref[tab_1]{3}) indicate livestock population is rising (except for years of drought and livestock diseases) and significantly disrupting the park's ecosystem. So, the park management is advised to be skilled and empowered through trainings and workshops on improving livestock production; and monitoring and evaluation of the performance of livestock in outdoor keeping, without encroaching into the park ecosystem.  During the last nine years, 326 wild animals were died for known and unknown reasons in MNP. Most of wildlife deaths in the park were due to vehicle (46.01\%) and hunting (33.74\%). The main road passing the park has 10m to 12 meters diameter which can accommodate two vehicles at a time. Due to high production of cereal and cash crops, many vehicles pass through the park. The main reasons for death of wild animals by vehicle include 1) drivers do not respect animal rights 2) substance use while driving 3) most of the business vehicles crossing MNP travel during the night times and 4) drivers do not follow traffic rules in National Park regions (drive beyond the speed limit in the park region). The local communities have good awareness about animal rights and their ecotourism role and are appreciated for their respect to wild animals and not hunting them. However, hunting of wild animals of the park is done by Male community coming from South Ari Zone, South Omo. These people are semipastoralists who move place to place in search for water and pasture for their domestic animals. Due to the interruptions by local people and Male people, wild animals of MNP migrate to other places and exposed to health problems and deaths for unknown reason. Perhaps, causes of such deaths might be contact with domestic animals while grazing and Tse tse fly, tick, bug and other veterinary disease vectors. Local communities around MNP send their cattle into the park. Sometimes predators such as Lions kill and feed on their cattle. On return, the local communities revenge the lions by killing them using traps (Figure \hyperref[fig_3]{3}). iii. Conflict of Interest Investment in service-oriented projects, particularly tourism, in developing countries is often regarded as a high-risk task \hyperref[b5]{(Dabour, 2003)}. Ecotourism is both process and activity. Formerly, the local communities use resources of MNP for various livelihood purposes such as fuel wood, honey collection, timber products, livestock grazing and drinking and grass collection. After the establishment of the park, conflict of interest has come about as the local communities have been prohibited all the resources from that catchment without any alternative substitute for those resources. Inadequate participation of the local people in ecotourism development process and inequitable benefit sharing resulted in negative attitudes of the local people towards ecotourism.  (Source: Field survey Photo)\par
The researcher fortunately had prior information that the Male community members have been repeatedly crossing Kamba wereda to reach to MNP since the establishment of the park until the present time for grazing of their livestock. Kamba wereda government knows that the Male's are coming from South Omo Zone and cross their land to reach Maze National Park. But, due to poor/no political commitment by Kamba wereda government, the Male's started illegal settlements and poaching within MNP at Phasa kebele, Kamba. Due to the alarming report by MNP management to Gamo Gofa Zone administration about the Male's huge herd of cattle population (more than 20,000 heads) in MNP, Kamba wereda government was called to check the real situation by Gamo Gofa zone government. This allowed having good focus group discussion with Kamba Wereda delegates, the Male semi-pastoralists and the Phasa kebele community. The researcher has observed that the situation now in MNP is really harsh, and federal and regional governments must involve in the park's management before the overgrazing by such an increasing Male livestock population perishes MNP in a period of few months through overexploitation and settlements. The Male semi-pastoralist community holds guns and are archers which will also lead to unwanted disputes up on competition for resources and territorial expansion by Male's in MNP.  
\section[{i. Organizing Staff Profile}]{i. Organizing Staff Profile}\par
The current staff profile of Maze National Park is observed to be less organized. Recruiting new professionals from Veterinarian, Agronomist, Ethnobiologist, Botanist, Zoologist, Anthropologist, Sociologist, Tourism and Hotel Management and Entrepreneur will empower the park management system. Currently, MNP has 30 male and 3 female, a total of 33 employees. The present staff profile (see Table \hyperref[tab_4]{5}) of MNP is poorly organized as 91\% of the staffs are supportive staffs primarily being the protective staffs.   ii. Community Participation and Benefit Sharing Community participation will increase transparency and create trust between park management and the local community. While participating in the management of MNP, the local communities will form sense of ownership to stop any illegal intrusion into MNP and will be part of the park's protective staffs. Through community participation local communities start to use natural resources in environments other than the core parkland and will keep their livestock in the fields outside the park. Ecotourism sustainability is full of ups and downs as human-nature interaction persists in poor economies of developing countries like Ethiopia. Thus, MNP office, regional and federal tourism bureaus need to work on communitybased ecotourism assuring equal community participation (men and women); and equitable sharing of the resources and benefits from tourism in the park.\par
iii. Adequate Budget Allocation Focus group discussions with MNP staffs indicated that the park is not supported by adequate budget to accomplish management activities effectively. For instance, construction of roads inside the park needs machines and huge budget. To this end, the regional government and the federal government are expected to equip MNP to develop sustainable ecotourism.  
\section[{v. Building Water Points}]{v. Building Water Points}\par
The construction of water points or water lines for livestock drinking and domestic consumption (e.g., communal pools or drilling groundwater at every household) will prevent livestock and human entry to MNP and minimize disturbance in the park. The water points built for livestock drinking purpose must contain water on regular basis and they must have outlets for cleansing and pouring fresh water into the pool. Therefore, giving priority to the most severely suffering villages around the park, water points have to be built to safe guard the park and reduce conflict of interest. 
\section[{vi. Protection of the Bilbo Hot Spring}]{vi. Protection of the Bilbo Hot Spring}\par
For a visitor, the Bilbo hot spring tells message saying "save me" because it is on communal land that is of many anthropogenic disturbances such as illegal settlements and grazing. During field survey, the researcher observed that there is no protection to the hot spring. Local communities were observed while taking shower on the flowing water from the hot spring. The spring is observed to be open for local communities animals. Thus, it is exposed to threats which will challenge its existence in the near future. 
\section[{vii. Road Construction}]{vii. Road Construction}\par
The national road which crosses MNP is an old gravel road which is not comfortable and preferred even by a passenger. One parameter to attract tourists is suitable road for them and the vehicles they come in. Therefore, considering the immense potentials of MNP the federal government has to have a desire to construct standard asphalt road/highway from Wolaita Soddo to Gofa Sawla and Omo and Mago National Parks. The construction of high way will allow tourists visit not only MNP but also Omo and Mago National Parks in their way. The park has no gravel road except simple roads made by clearing of the land cover by the park management. Due to insufficient pathways and parking facilities in Maze National Park, tourists are unable to see all corridors of the park. In this regard, the building of gravel road, pathways and parking sites is crucial to visit all parts of the park in all seasons. 
\section[{viii. Campsites in the Park}]{viii. Campsites in the Park}\par
Selection of adequate number and location of camp sites suitable for recreation, entertainment and view in the park is an important task to be accomplished ahead of tourist arrivals. These sites are places where tourists take rest, plant their tents, pass overnight, enjoy themselves watching at the scenic nature, and discuss different issues. 
\section[{ix. Harvesting Timber and Non-Timber Products}]{ix. Harvesting Timber and Non-Timber Products}\par
The local communities were observed to be highly consuming timber products of the park. MNP has tall forest trees with timber values at riversides. The shrubs and tall trees will be used for local and industrial purposes. However, at the current traditional living status of the local communities coupled with poor development status of the park, harvesting timber products is risky for the sustainability of the park and its resources. Allowing local communities to harvest timber products in one hand and overexploitation of mature forest trees (whose replacement will take at least fiftyhundred years) only for domestic and income generation purposes in the other hand will open gate for more disturbances in the park. This will result in ecosystem disruption and biodiversity loss. Therefore, the investigator encourages the MNP management and local communities to harvest more on non-timber products of the park. Non-timber forest products include grass, forest honey/apiculture, edible fruits and nutraceuticals, strap and so on. For instance, field observation and previous work \hyperref[b1]{(Andabo and Gamo, 2015)} indicate that nearly 50\% of Maze National Park is covered by grassland, mainly savanna grassland of 3m to 6m tall. Harvesting the grass economy will allow the growth of palatable grass for livestock and wildlife, prevent emergence of vector-born zoonotic diseases, removes breeding sites for vectors of medical and veterinary importance and will increase the biological diversity and productivity of MNP by increasing the survival and fecundity rate of species. However, it is usual to see illegal entries into the core of the park for grass collection. If carefully harvested, this grass will generate high incentive to the local communities, the park and pave the way to alternative income generating activities. In this connection, organizing local community into farmer cooperatives will not only enhance production but also improve management of the park. Doing so, the farmer cooperatives will benefit from the park by marketing products for thatching, local construction, investors (e.g., lodges), hay, livestock feed and other purposes. x. Irrigated Agriculture Maze National Park possesses a number of rivers (e.g., Lemase, Domba and Maze) that can used for irrigation. The vast plains in the park surroundings are good places for vegetables, cereals, horticulture, fruits, root and tuber crops. 
\section[{xi. Aquaculture}]{xi. Aquaculture}\par
The park has large rivers crossing it. The rivers have endowed fish and crocodile species among others. Maze National Park, therefore, is ideal place for fish production and crocodile ranches. 
\section[{xii. Film Industry}]{xii. Film Industry}\par
The scenic and green nature of Maze National Park particularly during winter (rainy season) coupled with the very interesting native cultures of communities around the park is an adventure for artists to held their theatre, drama and films. 
\section[{xiii. Lodges and Green Parks}]{xiii. Lodges and Green Parks}\par
Many countries lack sufficient infrastructures such as hotels, lodges, transportation, communication, safety and security and tourism information services all of which aid in the development of sustainable tourism sector \hyperref[b5]{(Dabour, 2003)}. Establishment of lodges and green parks in selected sites around the park will enhance ecotourism, tourism revenue and employment through infrastructure development like roads, construction of guest houses, hotels, bedrooms, vehicle and tent renting to tourists coming to MNP, and greening the area. For example, Bilbo hot spring is vital place for this purpose. People will come there for purposes like healing, recreation, spiritual and secular, conferences, meetings, wedding ceremonies, etc. Thus, all the concerned bodies have to come together to work on issues related to logistics and infrastructures needed to improve the park's facilities. 
\section[{xiv. Project}]{xiv. Project}\par
Maze National Park is a recently established park full of potentials to implement projects on tourism, ecotourism and livelihood development. Projects could be governmental, NGO, private companies, associations and individual projects. The park management needs strong collaboration with stakeholders to have joint projects on Wildlife, Vegetation, Wonja Cave, Bilbo Hot Spring, etc. to bring reliable and feasible ecotourism development in MNP. 
\section[{IV. Conclusion}]{IV. Conclusion}\par
The study on ecotourism potential, challenges and prospects of Maze National Park is a timely study to develop sustainable ecotourism in Maze National Park. The study revealed that the park has a number of opportunities and prospects to develop sustainable ecotourism. Population pressure, wildlife death and migration, conflict of interest, poor political commitment and climate change were identified to be the main challenges for sustainable ecotourism in the park. 
\section[{V. Acknowledgement}]{V. Acknowledgement}\par
Indeed, my soul thanks God in all the days of my life for His provision and Help in my efforts to meet success. I consciously acknowledge Maze National Park staffs and all who shared me important concepts, critical comments, documents and information in the interview and focus group discussion sessions.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Figure 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Figure 1}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}Figure 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}Figure 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png}
\caption{\label{fig_4}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4}\includegraphics[]{image-7.png}
\caption{\label{fig_5}Figure 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5}\includegraphics[]{image-8.png}
\caption{\label{fig_6}Figure 5 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{6}\includegraphics[]{image-9.png}
\caption{\label{fig_7}Figure 6 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-10.png}
\caption{\label{fig_8}Focus}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{7}\includegraphics[]{image-11.png}
\caption{\label{fig_9}Figure 7 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{8}\includegraphics[]{image-12.png}
\caption{\label{fig_10}Figure 8 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.6902998776009792\textwidth}P{0.019247246022031823\textwidth}P{0.01872705018359853\textwidth}P{0.012484700122399021\textwidth}P{0.019247246022031823\textwidth}P{0.024969400244798042\textwidth}P{0.047858017135862914\textwidth}P{0.017166462668298653\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{4}{l}{dimension works on safeguarding the biodiversity,}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{social structure, culture and economic wings. In this}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{6}{l}{Percentage Share respect, Rajani and Vasanthakumari agree that}\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{Local Community delivering viable tourism, ensuring responsible, real and}\tabcellsep MNP Staff\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{Interview Variables effective ecotourism is a great deal. Recognizing the Wildlife different approaches of ecotourism to the conservation Rivers and management of ecological and cultural resources is Wonja Stone Cave a great challenge to sustainable ecotourism (Rajani and Bilbo Hot Spring Vasanthakumari, 2015).}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{(N =67) 71.6 35.8 27 44.8}\tabcellsep (N = 20) 100 70 100 100\\
\multicolumn{7}{l}{Savanna Grass Inspiring landscape i. Population Pressure Riverine forests High human population pressure due to low Location practice of family planning and low household income in Religious trees developing countries has caused overexploitation of natural resources. Livestock population statistics in Ethiopia (2005-2010). 65.7 50 50.7 60 11.9 40 7 35 25.4 100}\\
\% Annual changes\tabcellsep 2005\tabcellsep 2006\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{2007}\tabcellsep 2008\tabcellsep 2009\tabcellsep 2010\\
Cattle\tabcellsep 1.7\tabcellsep 4.2\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 6.8\tabcellsep 10.3\tabcellsep 3.6\tabcellsep 3.2\\
Sheep\tabcellsep 9.0\tabcellsep 14.7\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{14.0}\tabcellsep 10.5\tabcellsep -4.2\tabcellsep 3.8\\
Goat\tabcellsep 7.4\tabcellsep 10.1\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{13.4}\tabcellsep 17.0\tabcellsep 0.8\tabcellsep 0.3\\
Camel\tabcellsep -2.7\tabcellsep -4.6\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{40.9}\tabcellsep 63.7\tabcellsep -24.7\tabcellsep 6.3\\
Poultry\tabcellsep -36.6\tabcellsep 42.5\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 6.1\tabcellsep 15.7\tabcellsep -3.6\tabcellsep 10.3\\
Horse\tabcellsep 4.9\tabcellsep 3.4\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 5.5\tabcellsep 7.3\tabcellsep 0.6\tabcellsep 11.6\\
Donkey\tabcellsep 4.3\tabcellsep 9.1\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 4.9\tabcellsep 23.9\tabcellsep -2.7\tabcellsep 5.4\\
Mule\tabcellsep -1.1\tabcellsep 7.2\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{-4.4}\tabcellsep 15.7\tabcellsep -0.8\tabcellsep -2.1\\
Beehives\tabcellsep -11.6\tabcellsep 21.5\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{-1.7}\tabcellsep -4.2\tabcellsep 0.0\tabcellsep na\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{(Source: Metaferia et al., 2011)}\\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{Besides, over exploitation of the park's}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{resources by local livestock population, Male semi-}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{pastoralist livestock has remained the top urgent issue}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{without solution. Metaferia et al. 2011 state that Ethiopia}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{shares significant livestock in lowland and pastoral}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{areas. Livestock data from 2006 to 2010 in five kebeles}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{surrounding MNP in Quca wereda (Table}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.08025751072961373\textwidth}P{0.17145922746781114\textwidth}P{0.09120171673819742\textwidth}P{0.14957081545064377\textwidth}P{0.05472103004291845\textwidth}P{0.08025751072961373\textwidth}P{0.06201716738197425\textwidth}P{0.16051502145922747\textwidth}}
Kebeles\tabcellsep Cattle\tabcellsep Sheep\tabcellsep Goat\tabcellsep Horse\tabcellsep Donkey\tabcellsep Mule\tabcellsep Year\\
Daho\tabcellsep 5699\tabcellsep 99\tabcellsep 2060\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 2006\\
\tabcellsep 4113\tabcellsep 71\tabcellsep 1487\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 2007\\
\tabcellsep 6057\tabcellsep 105\tabcellsep 2191\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 33\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 2008\\
\tabcellsep 7874\tabcellsep 137\tabcellsep 2848\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 43\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 2009\\
\tabcellsep 11660\tabcellsep 233\tabcellsep 1998\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 55\tabcellsep 2010\\
Masha Morka\tabcellsep 3096\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 950\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2006\\
\tabcellsep 2075\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 636\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 2007\\
\tabcellsep 3395\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 1008\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 2008\\
\tabcellsep 3293\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 1310\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 2009\\
\tabcellsep 2055\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 946\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 2010\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: © 2017 Global Journals Inc. (US)]} 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.16178247734138973\textwidth}P{0.15664652567975829\textwidth}P{0.09244712990936556\textwidth}P{0.14380664652567976\textwidth}P{0.041087613293051356\textwidth}P{0.05649546827794562\textwidth}P{0.041087613293051356\textwidth}P{0.15664652567975829\textwidth}}
Koddo Wonno\tabcellsep 1422 1026\tabcellsep 22 18\tabcellsep 937 676\tabcellsep 0 0\tabcellsep 9 7\tabcellsep 2 1\tabcellsep 2006 2007\\
\tabcellsep 5017\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 996\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 2008\\
\tabcellsep 6522\tabcellsep 34\tabcellsep 1295\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 2009\\
\tabcellsep 1559\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 210\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2010\\
Masha Caba\tabcellsep 4667\tabcellsep 360\tabcellsep 1761\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 2006\\
\tabcellsep 3368\tabcellsep 259\tabcellsep 1271\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 2007\\
\tabcellsep 4960\tabcellsep 381\tabcellsep 1872\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2008\\
\tabcellsep 6448\tabcellsep 495\tabcellsep 2434\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2009\\
\tabcellsep 3098\tabcellsep 363\tabcellsep 1550\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2010\\
Koddo Lade\tabcellsep 4675\tabcellsep 67\tabcellsep 1233\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2006\\
\tabcellsep 3374\tabcellsep 50\tabcellsep 843\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 2007\\
\tabcellsep 4969\tabcellsep 74\tabcellsep 1242\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2008\\
\tabcellsep 6460\tabcellsep 96\tabcellsep 1615\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2009\\
\tabcellsep 3091\tabcellsep 52\tabcellsep 1028\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 2010\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{ii. Wildlife Death and Migration}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.36637931034482757\textwidth}P{0.1074712643678161\textwidth}P{0.11724137931034483\textwidth}P{0.09770114942528735\textwidth}P{0.07327586206896552\textwidth}P{0.08793103448275862\textwidth}}
Years\tabcellsep Hunting\tabcellsep Vehicle\tabcellsep Conflict\tabcellsep Fire\tabcellsep Unknown\\
2008/09\tabcellsep 48\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\\
2009/10\tabcellsep 37\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 6\\
2010/11\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep -\\
2011/12\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 5\\
2012/13\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 3\\
2013/14\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 4\\
2014/15\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 50\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\\
2015/2016\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 41\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 5\\
2016/17\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 5\\
Total\tabcellsep 110\tabcellsep 150\tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 28\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.14079754601226993\textwidth}P{0.0434560327198364\textwidth}P{0.6657464212678936\textwidth}}
Staff Profile\tabcellsep Number of individuals\tabcellsep Job description\\
Park Warden\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep Manager of Maze National Park Management\\
Wildlife Professional\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep Follow up wildlife condition and every ongoing changes in\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep the park\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Organize the staff profile and follow up and support all staffs\\
Human Resource coordinator\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep to be guided by rules and regulations of the park\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep administration\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Leads finance and provides financial information to\\
Accountant\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep management, recommends financial actions by analyzing\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep accounting data, prepares reports\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: 2017GEcotourism Potentials, Challenges and Prospects of Maze National Park, South West Ethiopia]} 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table 5 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2017 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 			\footnote{( ) 2017 G Ecotourism Potentials, Challenges and Prospects of Maze National Park, South West Ethiopia} 			\footnote{( ) 2017 © 2017 Global Journals Inc. (US) 1} 			\footnote{Ecotourism Potentials, Challenges and Prospects of Maze National Park, South West Ethiopia} 			\footnote{© 2017 Global Journals Inc. (US) 1} 		 		\backmatter  			 
\subsection[{Conflict of Interest}]{Conflict of Interest}\par
The author has no conflict of interest with this publication.			 			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{document}
