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\title{The Effects of Firms' Characteristics on the Growth of Medium and Small Business in Developing Country (Case Study Ethiopia)}
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             \author[1]{Chalchissa  Amentie}

             \affil[1]{  Jimma University}

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\date{\small \em Received: 15 December 2015 Accepted: 5 January 2016 Published: 15 January 2016}

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\begin{abstract}
        


The effects of firms? characteristics on the growth of medium and small business in developing country. This study is important to both academic research and policy development because of the significant contribution these businesses could make to economic development, the growth of employment and the generation of new innovations. For research design; crosssectional, descriptive and inferential designs study were used in the study. The study used both primary and secondary data. Pertaining to data analysis the researchers used quantitative data analysis techniques mainly descriptive analysis using percentages, tables and mean were employed. While for inferential statistics like, chi-square and ANOVA were used to test the statistically significant difference (independency) of variables, and statistically significant mean difference among different business sectors. Hence, as per result of this study majority of small and medium enterprise were far from raw materials. The farness of the firms from raw material may negatively affect their growth of small and medium business Majority of the small and medium businesses in Ethiopia are either owned by a single individual or are family businesses.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{inferential statistics like, chi-square and ANOVA.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 \par
The Effects of Firms' Characteristics on the Growth of Medium and Small Business in Developing Country (Case Study Ethiopia) Chalchissa Amentie ? , Emnet Negash ? \& Lalise Kumera ? Abstract-The effects of firms' characteristics on the growth of medium and small business in developing country. This study is important to both academic research and policy development because of the significant contribution these businesses could make to economic development, the growth of employment and the generation of new innovations. For research design; cross-sectional, descriptive and inferential designs study were used in the study. The study used both primary and secondary data. Pertaining to data analysis the researchers used quantitative data analysis techniques mainly descriptive analysis using percentages, tables and mean were employed. While for inferential statistics like, chi-square and ANOVA were used to test the statistically significant difference (independency) of variables, and statistically significant mean difference among different business sectors. Hence, as per result of this study majority of small and medium enterprise were far from raw materials. The farness of the firms from raw material may negatively affect their growth of small and medium business Majority of the small and medium businesses in Ethiopia are either owned by a single individual or are family businesses. This may have negative effects on the growth of the business because the lack of team work and skill sharing. As per the one -way ANOVA test made (F=0.046, DF=1, N=315, p>0.05), there is no statistically significant mean difference of firm growth based on type of sectors of business they involved. This shows the sector in which the enterprise operates is can be not the determinants of enterprise growth. The ability to success of small and medium enterprises and their years of operations have no strong association (X 2 = 60.83, DF=10, p=0.000, V=0.3110,). In short, ability to growth of one firm does not strongly depend on its years of operations. 
\section[{I.}]{I.} 
\section[{Back Ground of the Study and}]{Back Ground of the Study and}\par
Statement Problem edium and small businesses are strategically important for entrepreneurship development because they curb the monopolistic power of large enterprises and increase the competitiveness of the market. They also act as the seed beds for entrepreneurial skill development (UN-ECE, 1997). The contribution of these businesses to innovation, economic growth, and job creation in most parts of the world is well documented. Thus, providing support to small businesses is a prudent approach to create new employment opportunities.\par
Despite the mentioned fact above, the growth of SMEs faces a number of constraints that hinders its rapid growth and development, which ultimately reduce the weight of its potential contribution to the national economy.\par
Such factors are entrepreneurial characteristics, absence of BDS, social linkages, marketing problems, and absences of proper business plan due to knowledge or other reasons  {\ref (Gurmeet \& Rakesh, 2008: 120-136;} {\ref Beyene, 2007: 25-27;} {\ref Linda \& Robert, 1998: 10-12)}. In addition,  {\ref Werotew (2010: 226-237}) also noted that 'environmental factors such as social, economic, cultural, political, legal and technologies along with, internal (personal) factors like individual attitudes, training and technical know-how are all the constraints that are challenging the success of Ethiopian SMEs. Entrepreneurship, which is recognized to be a change agent and the fourth factor of production that brings together land, labor and capital, makes a significant contribution to the pace of nation's economic development. However, this important factor of production is not being utilized properly in Ethiopia  {\ref (ILO, 2003)}.\par
The challenges of youth entrepreneurs globally are remarkably similar; and this necessitates investigation into the financial and non-financial support required to enable their success.  {\ref Schoof (2006)} argues that there exist five key constraints and barriers to entrepreneurship development in general: social and cultural attitude towards entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship education, access to finance/start-up financing, administrative and regulatory framework, and business assistance and support. Llisterri et al (2006; 5) also note that lack of experience and resources causes early failure of business. Similarly, Ethiopian entrepreneurs have largely the same combination of difficulties, in the main access to capital for starting or scaling up projects, lack of business and technical skills, unavailability of operational space, non-existence of mentors and limited access to markets  {\ref (Beyene, 2007)}. Prior research documented that SMEs play a significant role in the economy of a country. Consequently, the performance of the SME sector is closely associated with the performance of the nation. There has been more written about small business growth in recent M years than any other aspect of management. One of the main reasons is the contribution of expanding enterprises to economic development and unemployment reduction, which generally has attracted the attention of researchers and policy makers in many countries (Bernice \& Meredith, 1997: 37-64). However, access to finance and managerial skill are problem becomes a challenge to small and medium enterprises in developing country  {\ref (ILO, 2003)}.\par
But as finding of Beyene (2007), internal attributers (personal and business related) and external attributers (governmental, access to market, infrastructure) factors were affected the success of the small and medium enterprises. In addition, SMEs in Ethiopia are constrained and failed to succeed by a number of factors  {\ref (Washiun \& Paul, 2011: 233-246;} {\ref Gurmeet \& Rakesh, 2008: 120-136}) such as unfavorable legal and regulation condition, lack of access to market, poor access to quality business infrastructure, problems of raw materials and lack of working capital are among many factors\par
Even though scholars note that, the safe way is to have comprehensive measures of success than relying on a single indicator in dealing with the growth of small and medium enterprises, studies  {\ref (Gebreeyesus, 2009: 46;} {\ref Solomon, 2004: 51)} conducted so far in line with this issue give more emphasis to single measurement criteria of growth as methodology. And even special focus is given to the determinants of performance of manufacturing enterprise, but such assessment do not guarantee to conclude about determinant factors of growth /success of SMEs in whole sector. In addition, though there are some studies which directly or indirectly assessed the growth determinants of SMEs, they have reached to different conclusions for similar research issue for example concerning the effect of education of the business owner  {\ref (Garoma, 2012: 177;} {\ref Tiruneh, 2011: 12)} which is necessitated to have further study. It implies that the studies conducted in other specific area do not guarantee to conclude about the picture of the rest parts of the world, especially at country level. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Literature Review a) A Perspective on Entrepreneurship}]{Literature Review a) A Perspective on Entrepreneurship}\par
Entrepreneurship is more than the mere creation of business. The characteristics of seeking opportunities, taking risks beyond security, and having the tenacity to push an idea through a reality combine into a perspective that permeates entrepreneurs. An entrepreneurial perspective can be developed in individuals. This perspective can be exhibited inside or outside an organization, in profit or not-for-profit enterprises, and in business or non-business activities for the purpose of bringing forth creative ideas. Thus, entrepreneurship is an integrated concept that permeates an individual's business in an innovative manner. It is this perspective that has revolutionized the way business is conducted at every level and in every country (Kuratiko \& Hodgetts, 2004:3). The symbol of business tenacity and achievement is entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs were the pioneers of today's business successes. Their sense of opportunity, their drive to innovate, and their capacity for accomplishment have become the standard by which free enterprise is now measured. The standard has been held throughout the entire world.\par
Entrepreneurs will continue to be critical contributors to  {\ref economic}   \hyperref[b36]{Kodicara 2008}). Small businesses gather information mostly through secondary data using the owner-manager's formal and informal contacts  {\ref (Gibb and Davies, 1993)}.\par
In the absence of functional specialists, small businesses perform their business activities with less expertise than large businesses  {\ref (Freel, 2000)}. Past research has also found that only a few small businesses have the potential to grow  {\ref (Hall, 1995)}.Small businesses cannot offer the challenging careers and the attractive remuneration packages offered by large companies  {\ref (Koppar, 2003)}. Nor can they offer the same opportunities for training and skill development (Koppar, 2003, Webster, Walker, \& Barrett, 2005 cited in Kodicara 2008). Despite these distinct disadvantages, employees in small and medium businesses claim more personal satisfaction from the freedom, flexibility and the more congenial work environment that is found in such businesses \hyperref[b50]{(Shuster, 2000)}. \hyperref[b23]{Gopalan (2003)}, highlighted the critical importance of selecting the right location when starting a business, as it significantly influences success and failure. Past studies that examined the influence of urban and rural locations on small business performance have agreed that resources required for growth such as specialist production factors, specialist managers, or sub-contractors are easier to find in urban areas than in rural areas \hyperref[b11]{(Dahlquist et al., 1999} higher population density in urban areas also provides a relatively larger market potential as compared to rural areas. Thus it is expected that small businesses located in urban areas would have a greater opportunity to grow. However, some studies have found small and medium businesses in rural locations generate higher employment growth rates \hyperref[b30]{(Heinonen, Nummela, \& Pukkinen, 2004)}. The other drawbacks of location areas are the distance to buyers, suppliers, services and the lack of training providers (Wickham, 2004). 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Research Methodology a) Research Design}]{Research Methodology a) Research Design}\par
The cross-sectional was used in the study. Furthermore, to achieve the objective, the study manipulated both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed. 
\section[{b) Sampling Method and Sampling size}]{b) Sampling Method and Sampling size}\par
To select the sample of respondents, the combination of non-probability (convenience) and probability (stratified) sampling methods was employed one after the other. Five industrial zones (towns) were selected as samples of population by convenience sampling method. The sample selected zones were: Mojo, Sebata, Gelan, Adama and Dire Dawa are taken.\par
Then after, researchers had taken stratified random sampling technique. The criterion for creation of strata was type of sectors respondents. Three strata namely workers in manufacturing, service and trade sectors in selected area in Ethiopia was used as respondents. All respondents from all stratums were chosen using simple random sampling method.\par
Description: N = required sample size z = confidence level at 95\% (standard value of 1.96) E = margin of error (maximum error tolerable) to within .05 p =population proportion at which the sample size is maximum (at p=0.5 and q=0.5, p*q=0.25) Where q=1-p Hence, to identify the necessary information, more than or equal 386 samples of respondents must be selected. Since, 386 samples were selected by simple random from all selected sample of enterprises. A well-structured questionnaire for survey was used as tools of data collections from selected respondents. 
\section[{IV.}]{IV.} 
\section[{Result and Discussion}]{Result and Discussion}\par
To identify the how firms' characteristics affect small and medium enterprise in Ethiopia, the openended question was used and finding was analyzed as follow 
\section[{a) Descriptive Analysis}]{a) Descriptive Analysis}\par
Under this topic, provincial location and firms' ownership are discussed in table1 and table2 respectively. As table-1 shows percentage of the 73.9 \% of firms were not near to raw material while 23.9\% were near to raw material. And 76.1\% of firms were near to market while 21.7\% were not near to market. From this it possible to conclude that farness of the firms from raw material may negatively affect their growth of small and medium business. = = = E pq z n\par
As per table 2 above the majority of businesses were sole proprietorships (84.8\%). The remainders were fairly evenly divided among partnership (8.7\%), public quoted firms (4.3\%), and private limited liability enterprises (2.2\%). Where there were partnerships, in most cases, the partners were members of the same family (93.5\%). This indicates that an overwhelming majority of the small and medium businesses in Ethiopia are either owned by a single individual or are family businesses. This may have negative effects on the growth of the business because the lack of team work and skill sharing. In addition, Westhead, (1995) the findings of a number of studies show a positive association between diverse or diluted ownership and levels of employment growth \hyperref[b4]{(Birley \& Westhead, 1990;} {\ref Westhead \& Birley, 1995)}. Small medium businesses owned by several people are more inclined to grow than the businesses owned by a single person \hyperref[b50]{(Shuster, 2000)}. This difference in growth, Heinonen, Nummela, \& Pukkinen, (2004) explained, is due to the greater variety, balance and synergy of skills provided by the team of owner-managers. 
\section[{b) Inferential Statistics Analysis}]{b) Inferential Statistics Analysis}\par
In inferential statistics chi-square and one -way ANOVA were used. Chi-square was used to test for independence or association of some variables. While ANOVA used to test the mean difference (variation) of among different sectors of enterprises.\par
The following hypotheses were tested as follows. 
\section[{HO (1):}]{HO (1):}\par
There is no significant mean difference on SMEs growth in rela tion to the difference in sector type. 
\section[{HO (2):}]{HO (2):}\par
There is no strong significant relationship between the ability success of SMEs and firms years of operations. As per the one -way ANOVA test made (F=0.045, DF=1, N=315, p>0.05), there is no statistically significant mean difference of firm growth based on type of sectors of business they involved.\par
The hypothesis (1): There is no significant mean difference on MSEs growth in relation to the difference in sector type. Was accepted. This shows the sector in which the enterprise operates is can be not the determinants of enterprise growth. But this finding contradict with Cabal (1995) stated, services sector enterprises were growing less rapidly and manufacturing were growing more rapidly than trading.  As a result of table \hyperref[tab_5]{4} show, chi-square test made (X 2 = 60.83, DF=10, p=0.000), there is statistically significant difference between ability to growth and firms' years of operations. In addition, as Cramer's V test in table 5 indicates (V=0.3110) the strength of association between two variables is low.\par
Event though, there is statistically significant difference between ability to success and firms' years of operations the association between two variables is not strong. 
\section[{Global Journal of Management and Business Research}]{Global Journal of Management and Business Research}\par
Volume XVI Issue VI Version I 
\section[{Year ( )}]{Year ( )}\par
Here, hypothesis2. There is no strong significant relationship between the ability success of MSEs and firms years of operations is accepted.\par
Therefore, the ability to success of small and medium enterprises and their years of operations have no strong association. In short, ability to success of one firm does not strongly depend on its years of operations.\par
V. 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
The main objective of this study was to determine how firms' characteristics affects the growth of medium and small business in developing country. Hence, as per result of this study majority of small and medium enterprise were far from raw materials. The farness of the firms from raw material may negatively affect their growth of small and medium business Majority of the small and medium businesses in Ethiopia are either owned by a single individual or are family businesses. This may have negative effects on the growth of the business because the lack of team work and skill sharing. As per the one -way ANOVA test made (F=0.046, DF=1, N=315, p>0.05), there is no statistically significant mean difference of firm growth based on type of sectors of business they involved. This shows the sector in which the enterprise operates is can be not the determinants of enterprise growth. The ability to success of small and medium enterprises and their years of operations have no strong association (X 2 = 60.83, DF=10, p=0.000, V=0.3110,). In short, ability to growth of one firm does not strongly depend on its years of operations. 
\section[{VI. Limitations and Further Research Recommendation}]{VI. Limitations and Further Research Recommendation}\par
Several limitations were considered when interpreting the results of this research project. Accordingly, some firms' characteristics affects small and medium business growth are multidimensional. The influence of some of these factors on small and medium business growth could be either independent or interdependent. For further study it is possible to study the correlation of different variables but this study did not test the correlation variables.\par
The data was collected from different sites as well as from different types of business sectors. This is difficult to specifically determine the internal factors affect the growth of each sectors and one site. Further studies should specifically study variable affects the growth of each sectors. Due to resource constraints, the cross-sectional study conducted did not examine the variables that impact the growth small and medium businesses as they move from one stage to another. To see change growth or live cycle of the small and medium business longitudinal studies is needed.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
growth through their\\
leadership, management, innovation, research and\\
development effectiveness, job creation, competiti-\\
veness, productivity, and the formation of new industries\\
(Kuratiko \& Hodgetts, 2004:3; Sexton \& Kasarda,\\
1992:48, 53-54 cited in Stanislous, 2008)\\
b)\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
Year\\
Volume XVI Issue VI Version I\\
( )\\
Global Journal of Management and Business Research\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{-} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.08352601156069364\textwidth}P{0.05404624277456647\textwidth}P{0.18670520231213872\textwidth}P{0.20635838150289015\textwidth}P{0.21618497109826587\textwidth}P{0.10317919075144508\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 1 : Firms' location\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Near to raw material}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Near to market (customers)}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percent\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percent\\
Valid\tabcellsep yes\tabcellsep 77\tabcellsep 23.9\tabcellsep 245\tabcellsep 76.1\\
\tabcellsep no\tabcellsep 238\tabcellsep 73.9\tabcellsep 70\tabcellsep 21.7\\
Missing\tabcellsep System\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 2.2\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 2.2\\
Total\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 322\tabcellsep 100.0\tabcellsep 322\tabcellsep 100\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table -}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.5787234042553191\textwidth}P{0.12056737588652483\textwidth}P{0.15070921985815602\textwidth}}
Types of ownership\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percent\\
Sole Proprietor\tabcellsep 273\tabcellsep 84.8\\
Private Limited Liability Company\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 2.2\\
Public company\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 4.3\\
Partnership\tabcellsep 28\tabcellsep 8.7\\
Total\tabcellsep 322\tabcellsep 100.0\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
ANOVA\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.5632530120481928\textwidth}P{0.1502008032128514\textwidth}P{0.023895582329317266\textwidth}P{0.11265060240963856\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep Chi-Square Tests\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Value\tabcellsep df\tabcellsep Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)\\
Pearson Chi-Square\tabcellsep 60.826 a\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep .000\\
Likelihood Ratio\tabcellsep 58.933\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep .000\\
Linear-by-Linear Association\tabcellsep 24.696\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep .000\\
N of Valid Cases\tabcellsep 315\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{a. 2 cells (15.6\%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .16.}\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_5}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.25\textwidth}P{0.6\textwidth}}
Value\tabcellsep Approx. Sig.\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_6}Table 5 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2016 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 			\footnote{The Effects of Firms' Characteristics on the Growth of Medium and Small Business in Developing Country (Case Study Ethiopia)© 2016 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 			\footnote{The Effects of Firms' Characteristics on the Growth of Medium and Small Business in Developing Country (Case Study Ethiopia)© 2016 Global Journals Inc. (US) 1} 			\footnote{© 2016 Global Journals Inc. (US) 1} 		 		\backmatter  			 \par
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\end{document}
