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\title{State of Infrastructure Procurement in Lagos State, Nigeria: The PPP Approach}
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             \author[1]{Bamidele Adeyemi  O}

             \author[2]{Adenusi Rotimi  D}

             \author[3]{sunsanmi Temidayo  O}

             \affil[1]{  University of Lagos, Lagos State Nigeria}

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\date{\small \em Received: 12 December 2014 Accepted: 5 January 2015 Published: 15 January 2015}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Over the years, finance has posed great challenge to government at all levels in Nigeria and this has translated into truncated efforts in infrastructure delivery. Today however, there is a paradigm shift from the conventional ways of delivering infrastructure to PPP. This study highlights the infrastructural facilities brought forth by the Lagos State government via PPP. Using qualitative method, information needed for the study was sourced from the Lagos State Public-Private Partnership Office, validated with personal observation. The study revealed that the Lagos State Government has been thriving in the embrace of PPP having procured infrastructure like Lekki-Ikoyi Link Bridge, Island Power, Alausa Power, Mainland Power, CG-EKO Ventures LLP, Akute Power Project, Lagos State Bus Rapid Transit scheme (BRT), Gbagada Renal & Cardiac Centre, amongst others. It is recommended that Lagos State government should not relent in bringing on board more of private investors to increasingly propel the delivery of infrastructural facilities. For other states in Nigeria yet to adopt PPP for infrastructure procurement, it is recommended that they do so without further delay. Also, developing countries the world over, that are yet to adopt PPP for infrastructure provision should take the bold step to embrace PPP.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{infrastructure, public-private partnership (PPP), lagos state, nigeria.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
he role of infrastructure in any society cannot be overstressed. Every nation cannot do without it. The adequacy of infrastructure in qualitative and quantitative measures have resultant effects in bettering the lives of the masses; affects the cost of doing business in that city/nation; and is one of the bedrock to an egalitarian society. Infrastructure has been accorded different definitions each of which points out one aspect or the other of its scope. Word Web Dictionary (2010) defines infrastructure as the collection of basic facilities and capital equipment essential for the functioning of a country or area. On the other hand, \hyperref[b11]{Nubi (2003)} defines it as the aggregate of all facilities that allow a city to function effectively. \hyperref[b15]{Wikipedia (2015)} agrees with these definitions but accentuated yet further that infrastructure on the whole characterizes the physical components of interrelated systems providing commodities and services essential to enable, sustain, or enhance societal living conditions. Infrastructure does not only improve living condition (social implication), it also has economic, social and physical implications. It is germane for businesses to thrive, expedient for social welfare and needed for sustainable development in any nation. Infrastructure thus include electricity, pipe borne water, waste disposal, sewage, drainage, transport, health, education, police station, fire station, banks, post office and so on.\par
Regardless of the approach to defining it, the common ground categorically is that infrastructure are the physical structures, facilities/utilities that are put in place by the public, private sectors; or both collectively purported at enhancing the effective and efficient functioning of the society. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Statement of Problem}]{Statement of Problem}\par
Over the years, Nigeria is known for several cases of inadequacies in infrastructure provision at the federal, state and local government levels amongst which are erratic power supply; shortage of pipe borne water; scarcity of fuel; unreliable healthcare services, unstable educational system, bad road, port malfunctioning and fickle telecommunication services. Ogunsanmi (2013) averred that infrastructure deficit has prevented Nigerian's development and economic growth. \hyperref[b2]{Akinwale (2010)} when looking at the menace of inadequate infrastructure in Nigeria explained that the situations are diverse ranging from external forces to internal crises emanating from political instability. Whilst political instability is evident as a causative factor on the one hand, the issue of finance is a significant infrastructure dearth on the other hand. In Nigeria, procuring infrastructure directly from the purse of government often truncates the delivery of infrastructure. \hyperref[b11]{Nubi (2003)} in this wise asserted that this often led to abandoned projects, delay, and/or total neglect. These problems are discernible in Lagos state despite its status as the economic hub of the nation. Lagos state has remained the land of exploit for all and has continued to attract population drift from different part of Nigeria. It has the largest population (about 21,000,534) in the country (Lagos State Social Security Exercise, 2006).\par
While the available infrastructure are grossly inadequate to cater for the present societal needs, the continued drift in population and increasing opportunities in terms of economic activities within the state expound the challenges faced by the state government to meet the increasing infrastructural T Recently, the office has been acting as the lone facilitator for bringing infrastructural facilities into being by shifting to PPP. With the setting up of the office, the notion to appraise the efforts of the state government in harnessing the provision of infrastructure to meet the increasing need of all is necessitated. Therefore, if the provision of infrastructure is to be accelerated and sustained in Lagos State, Nigeria, it becomes needful to spotlight the infrastructure procured through PPP in shouldering the need of the state. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Aim \& Objectives}]{Aim \& Objectives}\par
The aim of this study is to highlight infrastructural facilities brought forth by the Lagos State government via PPP.\par
Specific objectives with the view to achieving the aforesaid aim are to: 1. Identify infrastructure procured by the adoption of PPP 2. Identify the private sector participant(s) that the state government partnered with for the procured infrastructure 3. Describe the potency of the procured infrastructure 4. Ascertain the PPP approach adopted for the procurement It believed that this study will sensitize developing nations all over the world in ascertaining the PPP frameworks suitable for distinctive infrastructures. Also, for participants in the private sector who are looking forward to collaborating with the public sector in the delivery of infrastructure, the study will be a point of call whilst administering unto them probable modality(ies) to adopt as well as prerequisite necessary for successful public-private partnership. Furthermore, the study will be handy to researchers seeking information on the subject matter. 
\section[{IV. Characteristics of Infrastructure}]{IV. Characteristics of Infrastructure}\par
The characteristics of infrastructure vary from one to another. This variation might arise from the use to which an infrastructure is put or will be put, perception of initiator and motive behind the initiation. \hyperref[b0]{Adebayo (2006)} averred that the exact character trait will have a bearing on whether it is urban, rural or inter-urban infrastructure and operator of the facility -public or private; national, state or local government agencies. The characteristics of infrastructure are: 1. Lump sum investment: The provision of infrastructure is often capital intensive  {\ref (Iseh, 2002;}\hyperref[b3]{\& Akujuru, 2004)}. \hyperref[b0]{Adebayo (2006)} asseverated that this possibly warrants the reasons citizens usually look up to the government for the provision. 2. Economies of scale: This often results into monopolies \hyperref[b3]{(Akujuru, 2004)}. 3. High level of externalities both positive and negative \hyperref[b3]{(Akujuru, 2004)}  
\section[{V. Classification of Infrastructure}]{V. Classification of Infrastructure}\par
Infrastructure in its major sense can be grouped as follows (Udoka, 2013):\par
? Energy/power: electricity, petroleum/gas pipelines ? Water: pipe borne water, irrigation facilities ? Communication: mass media, internet, phones and postal services ? Transportation: road (surface), railway system, sea port and air port ? Health: primary, secondary, and tertiary health care services ? Educational: elementary schools and higher institutions of learning An addition to the above is institutional infrastructure which includes police station, fire station, banks, post office, amongst others.\par
There are lots of problems rooted in various sectors of Nigerian economy each of which has a face on the overall state of infrastructural provision in the country.  {\ref Iseh (2002)} in his book the state of urban infrastructure in Nigeria keyed out a number of these\par
The State of Infrastructure Provision in Nigeria: the Need for PPP challenges as capital intensiveness, inadequacies in budgeting, poor maintenance culture, undue political interference, public demeanour towards infrastructure, inflation of infrastructure budgetary allocation. It is with no doubt that each of these constraints poses its own unique challenge in one way of the other. Iwayemi (2008 in Akinwale, 2010) looked at the problem endemic in the power sector and depicted the state of Nigerian power supply stating that in the last three decades, insufficient quantity, quality and access to power supply has been a recurring situation; a country with a population of about 140 million with majority living on less than US\$ 2 a day. The implication of this is that anyone who wants to use electricity all round the clock either for residential or commercial use must be adequately prepared in terms of financial buoyancy.\par
Regarding water supply, states all over Nigeria have their respective water corporation but the question which need to be asked is how efficacious are these corporations in the delivery of their primary objectives which is the provision of potable water supply. In Lagos for example, most people have not had the benefit of enjoying this necessity because the water do not get to where they reside.\par
Transportation is worrisome another case. Road transportation remains the most common form of transportation in Nigeria. Though, Lagos to some extent has an appreciable network of roads and is one of the few states in Nigeria that have functional railway line, the point is Lagos is home to really terrible and heavy traffic jams. Also, the railway service is still highly inadequate because the routes are too few and delay in departure and arrival time is endemic. The consequence of this is glaring -a short trip on road that ought to take an average of say 20 minutes can easily become a 90 minutes journey. Akinwale (2010) posited that the Nigerian roads exhibit numerous problems including faulty design, inadequate drainage system, potholes, dilapidated pavements, fallen bridges, and lack of maintenance.\par
Also, what is prevalent in the health sector is also in this same direction. The clinics and hospitals are under-equipped with modern health care facilities leaving citizens with no other option than to travel abroad for intensive medical care. Another pitfall embedded in the health sector if for health care workers to resort to industrial action whenever they want to express their grievances to the government. The stories are also enormous looking at waste management and telecommunication. All these doldrums have financial bearing.\par
Whilst investigating the optimum conditions for PPP in health, education and housing Sectors in Nigeria, Oyewobi, Ibrahim \& Ibrahim (2012) and \hyperref[b12]{Olaniyan (2013)} submitted that infrastructure deficit has trailed the development and economic growth of Nigeria for quite a while and the country needs several billions to provide the much required infrastructure. Furthermore, finances of Federal government are still unable to cope with the infrastructure gap. On this premise, the then minister of finance/co-ordinating minister of Nigerian economy, Ms. Okonjo-Iweala (2014) when speaking on the financial requirement of the country to procure infrastructure reported that the nation would require about N2.24 Trillion annually to finance the development of basic infrastructural facilities. She further clarified that the country's spending on infrastructure development was about N960 Billion. Such a gap drives home the need for PPP. \hyperref[b0]{Adebayo (2006)} affirmed that in contemporary time, it is becoming increasingly realized that the provision and management of infrastructure cannot be solely done by the government, so private sector participation is now well recognized.\par
In Nigeria, efforts have been directed to bring PPP to its fullest capacity. The federal government of Nigeria depicted commitment towards this by establishing the Infrastructure Concession Regulatory Commission (ICRC) as part of its reaction to bridge the deficit in infrastructure through regulation of Federal Ministries, Departments \& Agencies (MDAs) in the delivery of infrastructure service. The strategic objective of the commission is to fast track investment in national infrastructure through private sector funding to assist the Federal Government and MDAs to implement and establish effective PPP procurement via the adoption of appropriate regulations. In the same view, the African Development Bank (ADB) established a resource centre in its Nigeria country office at Abuja and has since inception organized training programme on Private-Public Partnership. The country at the moment is utilizing PPP for the execution of noticeable projects like the Lekki Deep Sea Port, Lagos-Ibadan Expressway, Niger Bridge amongst others. Considering the great need for economic growth and development in the country, more collaboration between the government and private sector will be expedient.\par
The Lagos State government also didn't relent by institutionalizing the Lagos State Public-Private Partnership Office. This office acts as a key enabler in the state for frame working modalities geared toward the bringing into being of high quality infrastructure for the attainment of its model megacity vision. To fulfil this role effectively, the Office acts as a liaison between the private sector and Ministries, Departments \& Agencies (MDAs) to ensure that the State Government enters into meaningful partnerships with private investors and developers across a range of sectors. It reports to the Office of the Executive Governor of Lagos State who is the approving authority for all PPP projects. Years ago, \hyperref[b11]{Nubi (2003)} looked at procuring, managing and financing urban infrastructure in Nigeria and brought forward this integrated approach (PPP) submitting that a government with good vision and that is well positioned in today's market can source for funds from various means. \hyperref[b0]{Adebayo (2006)} reaffirmed that public-private partnerships have been seen as a means of overcoming constraints facing the public sector in discharging its obligations on the provision of a wide range of services to its citizens on an efficient, effective and sustainable basis. \hyperref[b10]{Kulasingam (2012)} in a policy forum on developing Nigerian PPP industry also indicated that PPP is now seen as the panacea to governments not being able to finance the construction of major infrastructure. Nigeria is not solitary in utilizing PPP as part of solution to its infrastructure deficit. PPP has been embraced in developed countries such as Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany and China. It is currently being used in developing countries such as Asia, Pakistan, Latin America, Nepal, India as well as in some Africa countries like South Africa, Egypt, Ghana, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Malawi, and Uganda (Public-Private Partnership in Infrastructure (PPIAF), 2012; \& Ogunsanmi, 2013). Delmon (2010) affirmed that PPP is one of the tools in the arsenal of policymaker. 
\section[{VII.}]{VII.} 
\section[{The Concept of PPP}]{The Concept of PPP}\par
PPP is referred to as a contractual arrangement which is formed between public and private sector partners in which the private sector is involved in the development, financing, ownership and or operation of a public facility or service \hyperref[b7]{(Egbewole 2011;}\hyperref[b4]{Amr, 2008)}. More explicitly, Okonjo-Iwela (2014) defined PPP to be a form dynamic form of inter-sectoral co-operation adopted globally as a sustainable mechanism for financing infrastructural and other development projects. It increases the promptness of infrastructure provision by a way of a long-term collaboration between the public sector and private sector. PPP also involves some form of risk sharing between the public and the private sector for providing the infrastructure of service  {\ref (Ogunsanmi, 2013)}. The collaboration/cooperation/relationship between the public and private sectors usually comes in form of a medium to long term contractual or legal relationship between both parties such that skills, expertise, reward and even finance is shared aimed at delivering, rejuvenating or expanding infrastructural facilities. 
\section[{VIII.}]{VIII.} 
\section[{Variants of PPP}]{Variants of PPP}\par
Various terms are used to describe variants of PPP. The nomenclature used will depend largely on the way the partnership is structured, what it intend to achieve, how it is intended to be achieved, and parties' level of involvement (public \& private). In a study on the terminology of public-private partnership,  {\ref Hall} PPP arrangement differs from one to another. The type, capacity, magnitude or scale of the project or even the infrastructure to be delivered will orient the intricacies of the arrangement proper. It is in this light that Delmon (2010) opined that there is no universal norm as to the most appropriate approach to PPP. Analysis needs to be made on country, sector and project basis. 
\section[{IX.}]{IX.}\par
Prerequisites of a Successful PPP Timeliness and successfulness are two important considerations which shouldn't be jeopardized in the course of adopting any of the PPP variants for project procurement. The prerequisites for a successful PPP: a. Political commitment: The decision to adopt PPP must firstly be political. The government then considers the social implications of PPP and then decide whether there is adequate political will to drive its implementation \hyperref[b11]{(Nubi, 2003;}\hyperref[b18]{Yong, 2007}; \& Delmon, 2010) opined that infrastructure is antiphonal to social pursuits and variation and thus will emanate from the structure politic which allocates resources for its supply and maintenance. b. Enabling legislation: Institutional, legal and regulatory framework need to be given utmost consideration also. It should be decided whether changes need to be made to the institutional, legal and regulatory climate in order to ensure that PPP is fully footed \hyperref[b11]{(Nubi, 2003)}. c. Expertise: Capacity building in both public and private sectors is highly essential. Both parties must determine the extent to which they have the needed skills and resources to prompt the partnership (Yong, 2007; and Delmon, 2010). d. Focus to improve success rates: Okonjo-Iweala (2014) reiterates the need for a country to improve the PPP model to suit the country's peculiar needs by stating that the initiative must deliver clear benefits without leaving the people with difficult problems. e. Deal flow and standardization (regularity of deals based on standard contracts): Okonjo-Iweala (2014) emphasized that there is a tendency of making legal requirements too complicated by loading every risk on government to the benefit of investors who walk away with rewards at virtually no risk. While the government will bear the greatest brunt, the risks should be shared by both parties to make the project fair and sustainable. In addition, the rate of return expectation of investors, she stated, tends to be too high (often as high as 30 per cent) showing unsustainably high costs of PPP projects. f. Time consideration: One of the dominant factors which usually serve as a stumbling block to any project delivery is the issue of time. Okonjo-Iwela (2014) noted that studies have shown that it takes a minimum of seven years to complete a PPP project in Africa on the average. Looking at the four years tenure system of governance in Nigeria, seven years to deliver a project, which they have promised the people, is not very appealing. This without doubt is likely to be the reason new public office holders set aside uncompleted projects inherited from their predecessors in Nigeria. Therefore, difference in time horizon between policy makers and technical partners needs to be streamlined towards ensuring faster delivery of projects. g. Monitoring: With regard to the political, health and safety sensitivities induced by infrastructure provision, there is the need for the public sector to carefully monitor the overall operation of the project. For example, this may involve regularizing the level of tariffs to be borne by customers, the performance of the project company's operations, as well as the standard of services to be delivered for public consumption. In all, there is no short cut to successful project delivery; it's either a success or the opposite. These prerequisites are instrumental as they prior conditions needed for result oriented PPP. In other words, they are indispensable.\par
X. 
\section[{Initiatives to Enhance PPP}]{Initiatives to Enhance PPP}\par
In order to actually foster and leverage on private sector involvement in infrastructure procurement, there is the need for encouragement. A stringent and hostile approach on the path of the government might render the whole arrangement lifeless right from the onset. Worley \hyperref[b17]{Parsons (2010)}   
\section[{Methodology}]{Methodology}\par
This study is a descriptive research. The focus of the study is on Lagos State situated in the South western geopolitical zone of Nigeria. Lagos State is one of Nigeria's 36 states and the economic base of the country. It has remained the heart of commercial and industrial activities and over the years has been absorbing population drift from different part of the country.\par
In Nigeria, Lagos State has the largest population. Using a qualitative method, information on PPP infrastructures were collected from the Lagos State Public-Private Partnership Office through interview conducted with the top official of the PPP office. In order to verify the authenticity of the information gathered, physical observation was conducted on the whole projects. Information obtained about infrastructure is in three categories. The first category is on Projects in operation; secondly -projects in operation/construction; and thirdly -projects in acquisition/pipeline. Secondary data was also sourced from relevant literature. 
\section[{XII. Findings: PPP for Infrastructure Procurement: the State of Affairs in Lagos State}]{XII. Findings: PPP for Infrastructure Procurement: the State of Affairs in Lagos State}\par
Presented in Tables 1, 2 and 3 respectively are Projects in operation; Projects in operation/construction; and Projects in acquisition/pipeline. From left to right of Tables 1, 2 and 3 are the respective Nomenclature of potency (describes the capacity of each of the projects in meeting the need for which it is procured. This is validated with physical observation); Progress update; and PPP approach respectively. 
\section[{Projects in Operation}]{Projects in Operation}\par
These are the projects which have been successfully delivered, thus in functional usePROJECT PARTIES PROJECT DESCRIPTION/POTENCY PROGRESS UPDATE PPP APPROACH a. Lekki-Ikoyi Link Bridge 1. Lagos State Government (LASG) 2. Lagos Tolling Company (LTC)\par
The project is an operation \& maintenance concession of Electronic Tolling System of the 1.358km Lekki-Ikoyi Bridge. 
\section[{Potency:}]{Potency:}\par
The project has decongested traffic in Eti-Osa, Lekki, Ikoyi and its environs.    
\section[{Projects in Acquisition}]{Projects in Acquisition}\par
Projects in acquisition on the other hand are projects whose procurement modalities have been recently consummated, and will therefore commence operation as soon as the construction of the projects is successfully done Fig.   
\section[{XIII. Conclusion and Recommendation}]{XIII. Conclusion and Recommendation}\par
Government in Nigeria over the years have been confronted with finance challenges. The government have the will to better the lots of the masses regarding the provision of infrastructure but finance is a stumbling block to this. This limitation in fund has led to abandoned, delayed, and sometimes total neglect of projects. \hyperref[b11]{Nubi (2003)} posited that a vibrant government with good vision can secure funding from various sources. Amongst these numerous sources, a trendy way to procure infrastructure is through PPP. The dividends from the partnership are becoming more and more evident as infrastructure like Lekki-Ikoyi Link Bridge, Island Power, Alausa Power, Mainland Power, CG-EKO Ventures LLP, Akute Power Project, Lagos State Bus Rapid Transit scheme (BRT), Gbagada Renal \& Cardiac Centre, Bola Tinubu (BT) Health and Diagnostic Centre, Co-operative Home Ownership Incentive Scheme (CHOIS) to mention but a few have been brought forth. Today, it is no gainsaying that the projects which have been procured have led to the betterment of the society. However, there are still lots to be done in the aspect of legal, regulatory and administrative frameworks of PPP for sustainability.\par
It is recommended that the Office of Public Private Partnership, Lagos State, Nigeria should not relent in developing modalities geared toward encouraging more private investors to partner with the government to continually propel the delivery of infrastructural facilities for the increasing population of the state. By so doing, the state will remain the Centre of Excellence, just as the slogan of the state suggests. Also, for other states in Nigeria yet to take the bull by the horn regarding the procurement of infrastructure through PPP, it is commended that they emulate what the Lagos State Government has done by setting up a dedicated PPP parastatal for prompting infrastructure provisions in their states. Furthermore, developing countries all over the world, that are yet to tap into the potentials of PPP should take the bold step of embracing it.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{345}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Fig. 3 :Fig. 4 :Fig. 5 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{6}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Fig. 6 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
Year\\
7\\
Volume XV Issue II Version I\\
( )\\
Global Journal of Management and Business Research\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
ii. Build-Own-Operate (BOO): Similar to a BOOT\\
project, except that the private sector owns the\\
infrastructure in perpetuity.\\
iii. Design-Build-Finance-Operate (DBFO): A private\\
sector or supplier undertakes the design and\\
construction of an infrastructure and thereafter\\
maintains it for an extended period.\\
iv. Design-Build (DB): A private sector is responsible\\
for designing and constructing an infrastructure.\\
v. Lease-Develop-Operate (LDO): A private developer\\
is given a long-term lease to operate and expand an\\
existing facility.\\
vi. Management or Operation and Maintenance\\
Contract (O \& M): A private entity provides some\\
operation and maintenance services for a fee,\\
usually based on delivering satisfactory services.\\
vii. Lease: Existing assets and/or land is leased to a\\
private entity for construction of assets to provide\\
services to off-takers or directly to consumers.\\
viii. Affermage: A private entity builds and/or refurbishes\\
then operates a service usually delivered directly to\\
consumers. The grantor finances any major capital\\
expenditure. The private entity collects tariffs directly\\
from consumers.\\
ix. Concession: A private entity finances, builds and\\
operates a service usually delivered directly to\\
consumers. Divestiture is where the assets are sold\\
to a private entity, which provides services directly\\
to consumers.\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.07766865926558497\textwidth}P{0.0025405636208368915\textwidth}P{0.23119128949615714\textwidth}P{0.009799316823228009\textwidth}P{0.0032664389410760036\textwidth}P{0.26929974380871047\textwidth}P{0.09944491887275833\textwidth}P{0.008710503842869342\textwidth}P{0.014517506404782237\textwidth}P{0.0700469684030743\textwidth}P{0.04790777113578138\textwidth}P{0.015606319385140904\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Government}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Potency: The project supplies}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep (LASG)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{uninterrupted electricity to power the}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{represented}\tabcellsep by\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{LWC facilities at Iju and Adiyan Water}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Lagos\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Water}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{works.}\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Corporation}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep (LWC)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{g. Lagos State}\tabcellsep Lagos\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{State}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{The Lagos State Bus Rapid Transit is}\tabcellsep Commercial\tabcellsep Public/Private\\
Bus\tabcellsep Rapid\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Government and}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{the first of its kind in sub-Sahara}\tabcellsep Operations\tabcellsep started\tabcellsep Sector\\
Transit\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Lag Bus}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{African conveying over 200,000}\tabcellsep March, 17, 2008.\tabcellsep Operated\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{scheme}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{passengers daily.}\\
(BRT)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Potency: The introduction of the}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{scheme has reduced travel time from}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{78 to 50 mins (Mile 12 to Tafawa}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Balewa Square).}\\
h. Health\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{7}{l}{1. Bola Tinubu (BT) Health and Diagnostic Centre}\tabcellsep Private Sector\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Initiatives}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{7}{l}{2. Bola Tinubu (BT) Pediatrics Complex}\tabcellsep Operated\\
Private\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{7}{l}{3. Mortuary Services at Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH)}\\
Sector\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{7}{l}{4. Mortuary Services in Isolo and Lagos Island are in advanced stages of}\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Operated}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{procurement and delivery.}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Health\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Facilities}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{7}{l}{Potency: The facilities have been providing qualitative health care service to the}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{masses.}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{i. Gbagada}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{1. Renescorp LLP}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{The project is an operations and}\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep Concession\\
Renal\tabcellsep \&\tabcellsep (SPV)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{maintenance}\tabcellsep concession\tabcellsep with\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Cardiac}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{2. Lagos State}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Messrs RENESCORP LLP. The 39-}\\
Centre\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Government}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{bed centre is host to a 64 slice CT}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep (LASG)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{scanner, 24 dialysis stations (with}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{beds) and other advanced medical}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{equipment. It provides in and out}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{healthcare services to the public.}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Potency: The project has brought in}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{place first World expertise, and}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{provides first-class end-stage renal}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{disease and cardiology healthcare to}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{patients.}\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{PROJECT}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{PARTIES}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{POTENCY -PROJECT}\tabcellsep PROJECT\tabcellsep PPP APPROACH\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{DESCRIPTION}\tabcellsep UPDATE\\
a. Lagos\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{1. Lekki Concession}\tabcellsep The\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Lagos}\tabcellsep Infrastructure\tabcellsep Concession\tabcellsep Concession\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Infrastructure}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Company Ltd (LCC)}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Project (LIP) is a 30-year}\tabcellsep Effective Date:\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Project (LIP)}\tabcellsep 2.\tabcellsep Lagos\tabcellsep \tabcellsep State\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{concession}\tabcellsep to\tabcellsep design,\tabcellsep November, 2008\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Concession}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Government (LASG)}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{construct,}\tabcellsep finance\tabcellsep and\tabcellsep Concession Expiry\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{3. Office of Public-}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{operate the Concession Area}\tabcellsep Date: November,\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Private Partnerships}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 2038\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep (PPP)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Potency: Eliminate the severe}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{traffic gridlock along the}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Lekki-Epe}\tabcellsep expressway\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{corridor.}\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{b. Mortuary}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{1. Farewell Funeral}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{The Isolo mortuary project is a}\tabcellsep Commercial\tabcellsep Design, Build,\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Services -}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Homes}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Limited}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{10-year}\tabcellsep Design,\tabcellsep Build,\tabcellsep Operations Date:\tabcellsep Operate \& Transfer\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Isolo General}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{(FFHL)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Operate and Transfer (DBOT)}\tabcellsep 16th November,\tabcellsep (DBOT)\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Hospital}\tabcellsep 2.\tabcellsep Lagos\tabcellsep \tabcellsep State\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{PPP concession}\tabcellsep 2011Concession\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Government (LASG)}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Potency: The infrastructure}\tabcellsep Expiry Date\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{represented by the}\tabcellsep has\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{improved}\tabcellsep mortuary\tabcellsep 17th\tabcellsep October,\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_5}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_6}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.09741573033707865\textwidth}P{0.006685393258426967\textwidth}P{0.1475561797752809\textwidth}P{0.01098314606741573\textwidth}P{0.011938202247191011\textwidth}P{0.33140449438202246\textwidth}P{0.000955056179775281\textwidth}P{0.01957865168539326\textwidth}P{0.18575842696629213\textwidth}P{0.03676966292134831\textwidth}P{0.000955056179775281\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Lagos State Ministry}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{services of Isolo General}\tabcellsep 2021\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{of Health}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Hospital, Lagos.}\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{c. Co-operative}\tabcellsep 1.\tabcellsep Lagos\tabcellsep State\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{The project is a joint venture}\tabcellsep Concession\tabcellsep Joint Venture/\\
Home\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Government (LASG)}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{agreement with the private}\tabcellsep Agreement\tabcellsep Limited Partnership\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Ownership}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{represented by the}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{sector for the delivery of}\tabcellsep executed in July\\
Incentive\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Lagos State Ministry}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{10,000 affordable housing}\tabcellsep 2008 Construction\\
Scheme\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{of Housing}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{units within 3 senatorial}\tabcellsep works in progress\\
(CHOIS)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 2.\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{First World}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{districts of the state (namely}\tabcellsep at two locations-\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Community Limited}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Ikorodu, Badagry and Lekki-}\tabcellsep Abijo\tabcellsep GRA\tabcellsep \&\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Epe axis).\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Agbowa to deliver\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep about 500 units\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{PROJECT}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{PARTIES}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{POTENCY -}\tabcellsep PROJECT UPDATE\tabcellsep PPP STRUCTURE\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{PROJECT}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{DESCRIPTION}\\
a. Lagos\tabcellsep Urban\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Lagos}\tabcellsep State\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Lagos Urban Rail Mass}\tabcellsep The designs concept\tabcellsep Concession\\
Rail\tabcellsep Mass\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Government is to}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Transit (LRMT) is a}\tabcellsep of both rail networks\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Transit (LRMT)}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{design and build}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{network of intra-city rail}\tabcellsep has been completed.\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{both the Blue and}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{lines. For this project,}\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Responsible}\tabcellsep Red\tabcellsep \tabcellsep line\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{The Red line is a 32}\tabcellsep Blue Line-Design and\\
MDA:\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{infrastructure, while}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{kilometre rail line from}\tabcellsep Build Phase: (7.2KM\\
Lagos\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{the concessionaire}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Alagbado to Marina}\tabcellsep from National Theatre\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Metropolitan}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{is expected to}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{with a spur to the}\tabcellsep to Mile 2) contract\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Area Transport}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{operate}\tabcellsep and\tabcellsep domestic\tabcellsep \tabcellsep and\tabcellsep awarded to CCECC\\
Authority\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{maintain}\tabcellsep the\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{international wings of}\tabcellsep and construction fast\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{(LAMATA)}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{service, including}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{the airport in Ikeja,}\tabcellsep progressing.\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{provision of the}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{whilst the Blue Line is a}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{rolling stock.}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{27 kilometre rail line}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{from Okokomaiko to}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Marina, Lagos}\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{b. Odomola Water}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Lagos}\tabcellsep State\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{The project is The}\tabcellsep Four eligible parties\tabcellsep Concession\\
Plant\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Government}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{development of a 210}\tabcellsep qualified out of eleven\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Responsible}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{(LASG)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{MGD water Supply}\tabcellsep interested\tabcellsep parties.\\
MDA:\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Scheme\tabcellsep in\tabcellsep Multi-\tabcellsep Procurement\\
Lagos\tabcellsep Water\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{phases starting with a}\tabcellsep modalities has been\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Corportation}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{25 MGD conventional}\tabcellsep concluded\\
(LWC)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Water Treatment Plant}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep (WTP).\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: 1 : Lekki-Ikoyi Link Bridge State of Infrastructure Procurement in Lagos State, Nigeria: The PPP ApproachFig. 2 : Island Power-Outer Marina, Lagos Island]} 
\caption{\label{tab_7}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2015 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 			\footnote{© 2015 Global Journals Inc. (US) 1 State of Infrastructure Procurement in Lagos State, Nigeria: The PPP Approach VI.} 			\footnote{© 2015 Global Journals Inc. (US) State of Infrastructure Procurement in Lagos State, Nigeria: The PPP Approach} 			\footnote{© 2015 Global Journals Inc. (US) 1} 			\footnote{© 2015 Global Journals Inc. (US) State of Infrastructure Procurement in Lagos State, Nigeria: The PPP Approach the projects; Parties involved in partnership; Project} 		 		\backmatter  			 			 			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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