\documentclass[11pt,twoside]{article}\makeatletter

\IfFileExists{xcolor.sty}%
  {\RequirePackage{xcolor}}%
  {\RequirePackage{color}}
\usepackage{colortbl}
\usepackage{wrapfig}
\usepackage{ifxetex}
\ifxetex
  \usepackage{fontspec}
  \usepackage{xunicode}
  \catcode`⃥=\active \def⃥{\textbackslash}
  \catcode`❴=\active \def❴{\{}
  \catcode`❵=\active \def❵{\}}
  \def\textJapanese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK JP}}
  \def\textChinese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK SC}}
  \def\textKorean{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK KR}}
  \setmonofont{DejaVu Sans Mono}
  
\else
  \IfFileExists{utf8x.def}%
   {\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}
      \PrerenderUnicode{–}
    }%
   {\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}}
  \usepackage[english]{babel}
  \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
  \usepackage{float}
  \usepackage[]{ucs}
  \uc@dclc{8421}{default}{\textbackslash }
  \uc@dclc{10100}{default}{\{}
  \uc@dclc{10101}{default}{\}}
  \uc@dclc{8491}{default}{\AA{}}
  \uc@dclc{8239}{default}{\,}
  \uc@dclc{20154}{default}{ }
  \uc@dclc{10148}{default}{>}
  \def\textschwa{\rotatebox{-90}{e}}
  \def\textJapanese{}
  \def\textChinese{}
  \IfFileExists{tipa.sty}{\usepackage{tipa}}{}
\fi
\def\exampleFont{\ttfamily\small}
\DeclareTextSymbol{\textpi}{OML}{25}
\usepackage{relsize}
\RequirePackage{array}
\def\@testpach{\@chclass
 \ifnum \@lastchclass=6 \@ne \@chnum \@ne \else
  \ifnum \@lastchclass=7 5 \else
   \ifnum \@lastchclass=8 \tw@ \else
    \ifnum \@lastchclass=9 \thr@@
   \else \z@
   \ifnum \@lastchclass = 10 \else
   \edef\@nextchar{\expandafter\string\@nextchar}%
   \@chnum
   \if \@nextchar c\z@ \else
    \if \@nextchar l\@ne \else
     \if \@nextchar r\tw@ \else
   \z@ \@chclass
   \if\@nextchar |\@ne \else
    \if \@nextchar !6 \else
     \if \@nextchar @7 \else
      \if \@nextchar (8 \else
       \if \@nextchar )9 \else
  10
  \@chnum
  \if \@nextchar m\thr@@\else
   \if \@nextchar p4 \else
    \if \@nextchar b5 \else
   \z@ \@chclass \z@ \@preamerr \z@ \fi \fi \fi \fi
   \fi \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi}
\gdef\arraybackslash{\let\\=\@arraycr}
\def\@textsubscript#1{{\m@th\ensuremath{_{\mbox{\fontsize\sf@size\z@#1}}}}}
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\def\abbr{}
\def\corr{}
\def\expan{}
\def\gap{}
\def\orig{}
\def\reg{}
\def\ref{}
\def\sic{}
\def\persName{}\def\name{}
\def\placeName{}
\def\orgName{}
\def\textcal#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Calligraphy}#1}}
\def\textgothic#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Blackletter}#1}}
\def\textlarge#1{{\large #1}}
\def\textoverbar#1{\ensuremath{\overline{#1}}}
\def\textquoted#1{‘#1’}
\def\textsmall#1{{\small #1}}
\def\textsubscript#1{\@textsubscript{\selectfont#1}}
\def\textxi{\ensuremath{\xi}}
\def\titlem{\itshape}
\newenvironment{biblfree}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{bibl}{}{}
\newenvironment{byline}{\vskip6pt\itshape\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{citbibl}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docAuthor}{\ifvmode\vskip4pt\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont\fi\itshape}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docDate}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docImprint}{\vskip 6pt}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docTitle}{\vskip6pt\bfseries\fontsize{22pt}{25pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{msHead}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{msItem}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{rubric}{}{}
\newenvironment{titlePart}{}{\par }

\newcolumntype{L}[1]{){\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{C}[1]{){\centering\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{R}[1]{){\raggedleft\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{P}[1]{){\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{B}[1]{){\arraybackslash}b{#1}}
\newcolumntype{M}[1]{){\arraybackslash}m{#1}}
\definecolor{label}{gray}{0.75}
\def\unusedattribute#1{\sout{\textcolor{label}{#1}}}
\DeclareRobustCommand*{\xref}{\hyper@normalise\xref@}
\def\xref@#1#2{\hyper@linkurl{#2}{#1}}
\begingroup
\catcode`\_=\active
\gdef_#1{\ensuremath{\sb{\mathrm{#1}}}}
\endgroup
\mathcode`\_=\string"8000
\catcode`\_=12\relax

\usepackage[a4paper,twoside,lmargin=1in,rmargin=1in,tmargin=1in,bmargin=1in,marginparwidth=0.75in]{geometry}
\usepackage{framed}

\definecolor{shadecolor}{gray}{0.95}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
\usepackage{fancyvrb}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{marginnote}

\renewcommand{\@cite}[1]{#1}


\renewcommand*{\marginfont}{\itshape\footnotesize}

\def\Gin@extensions{.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.tif}

  \pagestyle{fancy}

\usepackage[pdftitle={Opportunities and Challenges of Investment Activities: The Case of Selected Areas in Jimma Zone},
 pdfauthor={}]{hyperref}
\hyperbaseurl{}

	 \paperwidth210mm
	 \paperheight297mm
              
\def\@pnumwidth{1.55em}
\def\@tocrmarg {2.55em}
\def\@dotsep{4.5}
\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
\clubpenalty=8000
\emergencystretch 3em
\hbadness=4000
\hyphenpenalty=400
\pretolerance=750
\tolerance=2000
\vbadness=4000
\widowpenalty=10000

\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}%
     {-1.75ex \@plus -0.5ex \@minus -.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\Large\bfseries}}
\renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}%
     {-1.75ex\@plus -0.5ex \@minus- .2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\Large}}
\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}%
     {-1.5ex\@plus -0.35ex \@minus -.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\large}}
\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}%
     {-1ex \@plus-0.35ex \@minus -0.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\normalsize}}
\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}%
     {1.5ex \@plus1ex \@minus .2ex}%
     {-1em}%
     {\reset@font\normalsize\bfseries}}


\def\l@section#1#2{\addpenalty{\@secpenalty} \addvspace{1.0em plus 1pt}
 \@tempdima 1.5em \begingroup
 \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth 
 \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth 
 \bfseries \leavevmode #1\hfil \hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par
 \endgroup}
\def\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
\def\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
\def\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
\def\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{10em}{5em}}
\@ifundefined{c@section}{\newcounter{section}}{}
\@ifundefined{c@chapter}{\newcounter{chapter}}{}
\newif\if@mainmatter 
\@mainmattertrue
\def\chaptername{Chapter}
\def\frontmatter{%
  \pagenumbering{roman}
  \def\thechapter{\@roman\c@chapter}
  \def\theHchapter{\roman{chapter}}
  \def\thesection{\@roman\c@section}
  \def\theHsection{\roman{section}}
  \def\@chapapp{}%
}
\def\mainmatter{%
  \cleardoublepage
  \def\thechapter{\@arabic\c@chapter}
  \setcounter{chapter}{0}
  \setcounter{section}{0}
  \pagenumbering{arabic}
  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{6}
  \def\@chapapp{\chaptername}%
  \def\theHchapter{\arabic{chapter}}
  \def\thesection{\@arabic\c@section}
  \def\theHsection{\arabic{section}}
}
\def\backmatter{%
  \cleardoublepage
  \setcounter{chapter}{0}
  \setcounter{section}{0}
  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{2}
  \def\@chapapp{\appendixname}%
  \def\thechapter{\@Alph\c@chapter}
  \def\theHchapter{\Alph{chapter}}
  \appendix
}
\newenvironment{bibitemlist}[1]{%
   \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
       {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}%
        \leftmargin\labelwidth
        \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
        \@openbib@code
        \usecounter{enumiv}%
        \let\p@enumiv\@empty
        \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}%
	}%
  \sloppy
  \clubpenalty4000
  \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty
  \widowpenalty4000%
  \sfcode`\.\@m}%
  {\def\@noitemerr
    {\@latex@warning{Empty `bibitemlist' environment}}%
    \endlist}

\def\tableofcontents{\section*{\contentsname}\@starttoc{toc}}
\parskip0pt
\parindent1em
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\newenvironment{reflist}{%
  \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
  {%
   \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
   \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
   \def\makelabel##1{\itshape ##1}}%
  }
  {\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{sansreflist}{%
  \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
  {%
   \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
   \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
   \def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}%
  }
  {\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{specHead}[2]%
 {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}%
  \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}%

  \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}%
  \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}%
  }{}
      \def\TheFullDate{2015-03-15 (revised: 15 March 2015)}
\def\TheID{\makeatother }
\def\TheDate{2015-03-15}
\title{Opportunities and Challenges of Investment Activities: The Case of Selected Areas in Jimma Zone}
\author{}\makeatletter 
\makeatletter
\newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{%
  \clearpage
    \if@twoside
    \ifodd\c@page
      \hbox{}\newpage
      \if@twocolumn
        \hbox{}\newpage
      \fi
    \fi
  \fi
}
\makeatother
\makeatletter
\thispagestyle{empty}
\markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author}
\renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@
\belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@
\def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
               \topsep 2\p@ plus1\p@ minus1\p@
               \parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@
               \itemsep 1pt}
}
\makeatother
\fvset{frame=single,numberblanklines=false,xleftmargin=5mm,xrightmargin=5mm}
\fancyhf{} 
\setlength{\headheight}{14pt}
\fancyhead[LE]{\bfseries\leftmark} 
\fancyhead[RO]{\bfseries\rightmark} 
\fancyfoot[RO]{}
\fancyfoot[CO]{\thepage}
\fancyfoot[LO]{\TheID}
\fancyfoot[LE]{}
\fancyfoot[CE]{\thepage}
\fancyfoot[RE]{\TheID}
\hypersetup{citebordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,linkbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,urlbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,bookmarksnumbered=true}
\fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}}

\date{}
\usepackage{authblk}

\providecommand{\keywords}[1]
{
\footnotesize
  \textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1
}

\usepackage{graphicx,xcolor}
\definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81}
\definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9}
\definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70}
\definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} 

\renewenvironment{abstract}{%
   \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright
   \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}}
   \vskip16pt
   \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space}
}{%   
   \vskip8pt
   \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}}
   \vskip16pt
}

\usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos}

\makeatother 
      \usepackage{lineno}
      \linenumbers
      
\begin{document}

             \author[1]{Phan Quan  Viet}

\renewcommand\Authands{ and }

\date{\small \em Received: 7 February 2015 Accepted: 4 March 2015 Published: 15 March 2015}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


The Agreement on Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) currently undergoes 19 rounds of negotiations, with the participation of 12 member countries. With high standards, large space of 14 countries and regions (including the two potential members which are South Korea and Taiwan), with over 800 million people, contributing about 40% of gross domestic products (GDP) of the world and approximately 30% of global trade turnover, TPP is expected to be a "treaty of the 21st century", offering many opportunities for international trade and investment. Vietnam has participated in negotiations since 2010 and is facing opportunities and major challenges from TPP, especially in the field of trade. However, this study does not assess the impact of TPP for Vietnam on trade alone, but recognize the opportunity and challenge of TPP in the overall relationship with the progress of reform and development of the country in the coming years.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{agreement on trans-pacific partnership (TPP), trade, investment, education, opportunity, challenge.}

\begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) 
\textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark}
\end{textblock*}

\begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) 
\textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}}
\end{textblock*}


\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
n countries where growth is high, total domestic and foreign investment often exceeds 25\% of gross domestic product (GDP). But, in sub-Saharan Africa, gross fixed capital formation has hovered at around 18\% of GDP for the last two decades. Since the financial crisis in 1997, investment rates in developing countries in Asia (excluding China and India) have remained at around 21\% (World Bank, 2005b). One factor contributing to low growth rates in developing countries, especially the poorest ones, is insufficient, inappropriate and poorly maintained physical infrastructure (Migliorisi,s. and M. Galmarini, 2004b:28).\par
Improving the investment climate will encourage more infrastructure investors to invest. This in turn will make infrastructure services more widely available and encourage other types of investment. Recent research supports the view that using ODA to promote infrastructure development merits greater attention; studies have found a large, positive, causal relationship over a four-year period between "immediate-impact aid" -i.e. budget and balance-of-payments support, infrastructure and aid for productive sectors -and economic growth (Clemens, Radelet \& Bhavnani 2004). A diversified and competitive financial sector is also important for promoting growth in developing countries as it helps maintain economic stability, makes financial transactions secure, mobilises external and domestic savings and facilitates the efficient allocation of capital to productive investments. The World Bank's 2005 World Development Report  {\ref (World Bank, 2004)} similarly highlighted that it is not just the quantity of investment that matters for promoting growth, due to the decreasing marginal impact of additional investment in physical assets. What ultimately counts are the productivity gains that result from product and process innovations brought about through investments, as well as the extent to which jobs and capital flow from declining industries to expanding and emerging economic activities (Boza,Baatriz and Luke Haggarty,2006:74).\par
This will make it possible to invest larger sums in the future. The investment climate consequently needs to provide opportunities and incentives for firms and entrepreneurs to develop, adapt and adopt better ways of doing business. Investment is, therefore, one of the key factors for the growth of the economy of one country (OECD,2004 b:42). It is doubtless that dealing with the problems that hinder investment is necessary and also important in the investment sector, before making decisions, one investor should consider some required points such as; ? Required rate of return ? Rate of expected inflation ? The risks involved, that can have an effect on the investors decision ? Services provided for customers However, in case of Jimma zone, it is impassible to say that the factors hindering investment activities are confined to the above listed required points only. There are other factors that cut down the growth of investment sector in this zone. Furthermore, investment or investing is a term with several closely related meanings in business management, finance and economics, related to saving or deferring consumption. An asset is usually purchased or equivalently a deposit is made in a bank, in hopes of getting a future return or interest from it. (Bodei Kane Marcus (1999).\par
Investing is the act of laying out money or capital in an enterprise with the expectation of profit (wordnet. princeton.edu/peri/webwn).\par
Investing is also using one's personal funds or the funds of a business to acquire productive resources (en.wikipedia org/wiki/investment).\par
Investment is money that is invested with an expectation of profit (Bodie Kane Marcus (1999).\par
In any case investment activities in Jimma Zone are found to be low, and my research study will try to find out some of the basic problems for the low investment situation.\par
Investment has direct relationship with the economy of one country. That means the level of the investment of one country can display the level of an economy of the country. major ones. Rate of expected inflation or market condition, required rate of return (market) and the risks involved.\par
Jimma Zone has a great potential for investment activity in most sectors. However, it has not been benefited from this opportunity. The rural residents live under poverty line and have been undergoing many development problems as unemployment, poor infrastructure facilities, and absence of manufacturing industries. The urban drivellers are living with low standard of living, low-income unemployment and other social service problems.\par
These are the factors necessitate to go for the study under his title and deal with the factors that lead to low investment activities in Jimma zone.\par
Generally, this study attempts to answer the following questions: ? What are the problems that lead to low investment activities in this zone? ? What suggestions can be made to overcome these problems, which is its goal?\par
? Identifying factors that contribute to low investment activities in Jimma zone.\par
ii. Specific Objectives ? To determine the general attitude of the population and the government to wards investment activities in Jimma Zone. ? To investigate the nature and level of investment activity in the zone and surroundings. ? To look whether there is paper tiger (i.e. gap between policy formulation and implementation). ? To determine the impact of low investment on the overall economic development in the zone. ? To identify the different potentials and opportunities for investment that can be utilized if suitable conditions are arranged. ? To initiate further research activity on the topic, simply by offering an available and relevant data. 
\section[{d) Significance of the study}]{d) Significance of the study}\par
Undoubtedly, expansion in all types of investment activities is detrimental for a country's growth. The contribution of investment on GDP occupies a sound share in many countries including Ethiopia. Despite this, a number of factors have an adverse effect on it.\par
In order to attract investors, both from locally and abroad, there are certain key elements that are considered highly desirable by potential investors. These include the openness of the economy to international trade and finance, fiscal discipline by the government, political stability, governance and sound economic management, strong banking and financial markets etc.\par
In other words, investment is the use of money for the purpose of making more money, to gain income or increase capital or both (www vss 2000. com/ glossary/asp).\par
From the national perspective, an increase in the stock of capital goods or any other expenditure designed to increase future output; from the perspective of the individual, any expenditure designed to increase an individual's future wealth, such as the purchase of a share in a company (www. wwnorton. com/ stiglit zwalsh/economics/glossary/htm) Despite the natural resources available, there are some factors that lead to low investment activities in different areas of our country. Among them the following \hyperref[b0]{1} From bodie kane arcus Broadly speaking, as market is one basic factor for the determination of investment activity (i.e. an efficient market is one in which investment has higher expected return and also has lesser level of risk) \hyperref[b0]{1} , it is also necessary to deal with the market characteristics and market conditions, when ever we deal with investment. but in many cases, even though the market is profitable, fearing the risk involved makes business men far apart from the sector. 
\section[{b) Statement of the problems c) Objectives of the study i. General Objectives}]{b) Statement of the problems c) Objectives of the study i. General Objectives}\par
When the presence of all the necessary conditions for investment is low, investment will be badly undermined, since investment promotes economic growth, raises standard of living and contributes to a nation's wealth, the relevance of the study be it implicitly or explicitly is to identify the major factors inhibiting investment and to make the line open for further extended (advanced) research, besides showing some of the investment opportunities for investors, and providing possible solutions to the problems to be observed. e) Scope of the st udy Jimma zone was selected as the study area among the zones in Oromia region which has with available human and material resource background but owing to different constraints related to lack of awareness, limited socio-economic infrastructure, lack of managerial and technical skills and maladministration. For the reason that the investment activities of the zone was dwarfed despite the fact that natural endowments. The researcher was initiated to choose the area like Seka Water Fall,Asendabo Hydro Electric Power,Yebbu Beekeeping and Jimma Museum, too. The study will therefore focus on assessing factors that limit the level of investment activity and impact on this area's development in the zone. 
\section[{-}]{-}\par
Unwillingness of some investors or their representatives to fill the prepared questionnaires. 
\section[{-}]{-}\par
Insufficiency of time and money to effectively collect the necessary data -Unpunctuality of some workers of the documentation and other workers of the library, which hinders the obtaining of some data and references timely.\par
Jimma Zone is a zone bounded by other zones of some Regional State such as; Welkitie, Bonga and Ilu Aba Bor, with the capital of Jimma town.\par
Even though, the zones'investment activity is not as much satisfactory, it is one of the zones of Oromia which have plenty resources suitable for investment.\par
For instance, among the investment activities of the zone, let us see small holders Hydro Electric Power projects developed by the regional government from 1993-2004. Within this time, total investments were Br 9,313,171. Government was serving as a source of fund. These Hydro Electric Power projects are developed from Gibe and Gilgal Gibe River.\par
When the researcher compared to other zones of the region, it was moderately invested in this specific project, following some zones such as; East Shewa and West Harerghe. But when it was investigated at the country level, it would be at its infancy.  
\section[{Literature Review a) An Overview}]{Literature Review a) An Overview}\par
For many years, investment has been viewed and defined in different ways by different authors, Even though it is defined and viewed by different authors, it has the same concept. Different countries have also different investment policies, rules and regulations. For example one country many give more freedom for private investors within the nations. The other country many close its door for foreign investors more than the other countries', etc. Accordingly, authors suggest different techniques for success in investment sector for a country or investors.\par
As investment is defined Helffert (1997), it is "a fixed and initial operating resource used for the production of goods, the provision of services and the development of science and technology capability". Helfert also advises investors that they should invest internally (within their own activities) before considering external investment (investing outside their activities) accordingly an investor engaged in an oil drilling investment should consider weather he/she expand this activity before starting (selecting) other activities say manufacturing activity. Definition of investment by Gitman is that " sizable outlays of funds that commit a firm to some course of action, the firm lies on specific procedures to analyze and select those investments properly".\par
Shaum,S(1998) has set the process for evaluating and selecting long term investment and classifies investment decisions as the following: economic and political situations of the country, availability of raw materials for running its activity, and finally, he/she must put a standard of evaluating the profitability of the investment.\par
According to Helford, an investor engaged in the investment activity must be seen wither the investment is contributing some advantage for the nearest society and the nation in general. Thus, the following investment objectives may be fulfilled by an investor:-? To increase in the variety, quality and value of the supplied goods and services of the country ? To create employment opportunities ? Encouraging the expansion involve in variety and quality of the export of the nation ? Encouraging utilization of domestic raw materials, production machinery, equipments and other goods. ? To develop and utilize the natural resources of the country and others.\par
For judging the attractiveness of one investment an investor should first consider; the amount to be expended on the investment, the potential benefit of the investment, the time period and any final recovery of capital.\par
Generally, for evaluating investment projects, shaums (1998) has set 5 main methods of evaluation. a) Pay back period Measures the length of time required to recover the amount of initial investment. According to this method, the investor chooses an investor chooses an investment activity with the shorter pay back period. This measures the profitability from the conventional standpoint by relating this required investment (average investment) to the future annual net income. According to this rule, the investor has to choose the project with the higher rate of return. c) Net Present Value (NPV) method NPV is the excess of the present value of cash inflows generated from the investment over the amount of the initial investment and the rule says, accept an investment activity with the positive not present value. 
\section[{d) Internal Rate of Return (IRR)}]{d) Internal Rate of Return (IRR)}\par
IRR is defined as the rate that equals interest with the present value of future cash indows. In this method, the investment decision is accepted if IRR exceeds the cost of the total investment. 
\section[{e) Profitability index (PI) Method}]{e) Profitability index (PI) Method}\par
It is the ratio of the total present value of future cash inflows to the initial investment; i.e PV/I. The rule says accept the investment which its profitability index is greater than other factors to be considered in investment activities include; risk associated with the investment, inflation rate, tax policy of the government etc.\par
Investment is defined by Helfert (1997) as a fixed and initial operating resource used for the production of goods, the provision of services and the development of science and technology capability. When we relate this definition with the statement of the problem; poor infrastructure facilities, unemployment, absence of manufacturing industries, low standard of living, low income and other social service problems are the results of absence of using these operating resources for the production of manufacturing industries and the provision of these unfulfilled services.\par
Robert C. Radcliffe's investment description (1996) denotes that investment is the sacrifice of certain current wealth for possibly uncertain future. Since most investments have uncertain future values. Investors in such assets will require positive expected future returns.\par
Bodie kane Marcus (1999):-Real assests versus Financial Assets the material wealth of a society is determined ultimately by the productive capacity of its economy the goods and services that can be provided to its members. this productive capacity is a function of the real assets of the economy. The land, buildings, knowledge, and machines that are used to 14 produce goods and the workers whose skills are necessary to use those resources. Together, physical and human assets generate the entire output.\par
Financial assets are such as stocks or bands. Shares of stock are no more than sheets of paper; they do not directly contribute to the productive capacity of the economy. Because they allow for separation of the ownership and management of the firm and facilitate the transfer of funds to enterprises with attractive investment opportunities. Financial assets certainly contribute to the wealth of the individuals or firms holding them. This is because financial assets are claims to the income generated by real assets or claims of income from the government.\par
International investment refers to investing in securities beyond the borders of one's own country. Global investment refers to investing in securities throughout the world (Robert C. Radeliffe 1996).According to investment Management in the 1990s, the type of securities traded as well as the way in which they are traded are constantly evolving as technology, society's needs, and political conditions change. The pace of change seems to be accelerating, driven both by increasing numbers of investors and competition. The major areas of change are in globalization, securitization, derivatives and technology. 
\section[{Year 2017}]{Year 2017}\par
Opportunities and Challenges of Investment Activities: The Case of Selected Areas in Jimma Zone 2 An organization uses statement of investment that will be best understood by the investor. It is common to have three sections:2 From Robert C.Radcliffe (1996) 
\section[{b) Accounting Rate of Return (ARR)}]{b) Accounting Rate of Return (ARR)}\par
(1) Investment objective (2) investment constraints and (3) investment policies.\par
The investment objective is usually a return objective related to the asset allocation that has been chosen. Investment constraints can include factors such as liquidity constraints, tax requirements, and any other relevant constraints. Investment policies represent the strategies that are to be used. c) Investment Types i. Planning At this stage, investor and capital market conditions are blended in order to determine a set of investment and speculative policies as well as a longrun strategic asset allocation. 
\section[{ii. Implementation}]{ii. Implementation}\par
This consists of any active timing between asset classes and the selection of individual mangers or securities to be held in each asset class.\par
iii. Monitoring There are three aspects to this monitoring. First, the actual portfolio held should be examined to ascertain it is in compliance with the statement of investment policy and to determine wither any passive rebalancing of the asset mix is required. Second, investment performance should be reviewed. This should consist of a review of returns on (1) the aggregate portfolio, (2) each asset class and investment mana ger, and (3) the returns from any speculative strategies employed. Finally, adjustments to the statement of investment policy (SIP) and investment managers should be made if necessary.\par
Active institutional managers use a wide variety of approaches. The following listing illustrates the general approaches used: This is a very good instrument in gathering original information from the sources since the respondents are free to fill the opinion what they feel without any pressure. Therefore, the researcher selected this instrument for this reason. This is structured and preplanned. The researcher had careful look at the investors/their representatives to know how they handle their activities \& their expected return in the market, or the observation made at some museum and tourist attraction places.? Top-Down Managers ? Bottom-Up Managers ? Quantitative Managers ? Concept Managers ? Value Managers ? Growth Managers ? Large cap\par
ii. Secondary Sources of Data Secondary data is not collected for the just time  \hyperref[b2]{3} From robert Radcliffe (1996) \hyperref[b3]{4} From robert radcliffe (1996) \hyperref[b4]{5} From Bodie Kane Marcus 
\section[{d) The process of investment Management}]{d) The process of investment Management} 
\section[{? Plan}]{? Plan}\par
The process used to manage a security portfolio is conceptually the same as that used in any managerial decision: ? Implement the plan ? Monitor the result 1. Written questionnaire 
\section[{Structured Observation i. Primary Sources of Data}]{Structured Observation i. Primary Sources of Data}\par
Information from primary sources is called primary data. They are original. Sources of such information were the respondents. Primary data from primary sources. Primary data from primary sources have been collected using: 1. Written Questionnaires 2. Structured Interview Questionnaires 3. Structured Personal Observation 
\section[{Structured interview Questionnaire}]{Structured interview Questionnaire}\par
This involves the use of a set of predetermined questions and has standardized technique of recording. This method is preferable for the following reasons: a. The questioner is administered by enumerator himself /herself and attains higher response rate. b. The presence of enumerator (interviewer) decreases the number of "don't know" or "no answer". c. The enumerator can reduce confusion of questioner items. 
\section[{b) Data analysis and Interpretation}]{b) Data analysis and Interpretation}\par
Firstly, in this part, after the problem of the study was defined, the next step has been defining the population. In this specification of the population, all investors activating in the zone have been taken into consideration. 
\section[{c) Sampling Technique and Size}]{c) Sampling Technique and Size}\par
Since the number of the population is large and there were time constraints, non-probability sampling method of data collection was preferable.\par
The sample sizes that the investigator used is out of 1000 total population 10\% have been the respondents to his questionnaires. That means 1000X10\% =100 people. 
\section[{d) Method of analysis}]{d) Method of analysis}\par
The collected data were processed and analyzed. Raw data have been examined to the purpose of making it accurate in the control editing. As most of the questions are not related with the quantitative responses, some of the data have been processed using computers. For instance grouping related information's in to one and using for calculating some simple calculations. 
\section[{e) Method of Presentation}]{e) Method of Presentation}\par
Finally, the data collected and analyzed have been presented using different methods such as tables, pie charts, etc. and the finding has been compared and discussed with relevant literatures. 
\section[{Chapter Four}]{Chapter Four}\par
IV. 
\section[{Data Analysis a) Content of Investment}]{Data Analysis a) Content of Investment}\par
The respondents selected have replied for the questionnaires, concerned the investment level and background in the zone. As the respondent replied, the zone has investment potentials in production of crops, i.e. 78\%. There are some factors that contribute to low production of crops such as; the mismatch of the investor's need of investing on one type of crop and the available land in that are which is suitable for production of other type of crop, expensiveness of fertile and erosion of land by water. There is also potentials of oil bearing crops which is about 11\%. When we see the overall potential of the area there is no as much potential for production of oil bearing crops. By the same amount of oil bearing crops, there is a potential of cotton production, which its major problem is absence of close market for the product. If all these agricultural and agro-processing types improved, the rural residents who live under poverty line can improve their income and their life standard. 
\section[{ii. Types of Livestock Production}]{ii. Types of Livestock Production}\par
As the respondents replied the zone has investment potentials in production and processing of livestock, which can improve the living standard of the people who engage in animal husbandry, if effectively conducted. The chart shows that 41\% of them replied that production of cattle share the major, relative to other in the zone. The factors that contribute to low production of cattle are: the weather condition of the area which is changeable and can also change the availability of grass and water for cattle which is the reason for fluctuation of its availability throughout the year; availability of transmitted diseases of animals which indicates as there is insufficient health care for animals. 24\% of the respondents said that goat and 31\% of them sheep production potentiality is there. Little areas which is suitable for sheep rearing is the factor that contribute to low production of sheep in addition to weather condition of the zone. Weather condition is a factor also for low production of goat. Additionally, there are others such as bee keeping which constitutes 4 \%. The reasons for low production are: because beekeeping is relatively unordinary type of livestock production and there is no much initiation of beekeeping. These all livestock production types can solve the problem of rural to urban migration or unemployment in animal husbanding areas.\par
iii As the table indicates the zone's suitability for both education and health service sub-sector is almost equal which 35\% is. Relative to past decades these are some what improving. The major problems with education sub sector are: the workers (teachers and others) are refusing to serve in remote areas and inadequacy of infrastructure. The same to this, in health sub sector the factor contributing to low health sub sector is reluctance of workers to serve in remove areas. And in addition insufficiency of materials in health centers. Regarding infrastructure facilities, the major factors contributing to low expansion of infrastructure facilities are the following. Since the landscape of the zone is not easy for instance to construct a road, it requires so many costs (i.e. its expensiveness). The other problem with infrastructure problem is absence of effective use of the available facilities. The improvement of these sub-sectors can alleviate the problems of unemployment, which can indirectly improve the living standard of mostly urban dwellers. There is also potentials of 30\% for infrastructure sub-sector. This subsector can also solve the problems such as unemployment by hiring unemployed persons for construction of these infrastructure facilities; better provision infrastructures for urban dwellers, and also for rural residents. iv. Small Scale Industries in the Zone Table  {\ref 3}: small scale industries in the zone. Metal work and weaving are types of small scale industries which are conducted mostly in rural areas, which constitute 60\% and 40\% respectively. These can reduce the problem of unemployment in rural areas. The main problem with this sub-sector is the frights or shame that some persons are feeling in doing such works. 
\section[{Metal work Weaving Total}]{Metal work Weaving Total}\par
Volume XVII Issue I Version I  As the respondents replied, the zone's potentiality for manufacturing and processing industries shares the majority (i.e. 56\%). The factors that contribute to low manufacturing and processing industries are the following. Its expensiveness; mismatch of the available raw materials and the industries proposed to do in that area and infrastructural problems. This manufacturing and processing industry is followed by forestry (26 \%). The residents are cutting and using it ineffectively the available forests in order to get their daily livelihood. This is the factor that contributes to low forestry. Mining industry constitutes 18\%. The existing low minerals in the zone are expensive to excavate. And the other problem with this sub-sector is infrastructural facilities. 
\section[{vi. The Reason Behind Low Museum and Tourism in the Zone}]{vi. The Reason Behind Low Museum and Tourism in the Zone}\par
The zone has some breathtaking artificial and natural tourist attractive sites, which if developed properly, will have economic importance for the development of the zone these are the following. ? The historical palace built by king of AbaJifar II known as AbaJifar II palace which is in Jimma Town ? Seka Water fall in Seka district ? Belete Chaka forest in Shebe ? Jimma Museum, which displays ancient cultural antiques and historical remains of the surrounding society which is found in Jimma town. ? The Origin of Organic Coffee(Coffee Arabica Tree) ? Gibe dam in Asendabo.\par
The number of tourists visiting the sites and annual revenue earned from them are however, insignificant. The reason behind this is the following. ? In the society itself, there is no as much custom of exhibiting museum and attractive areas. ? The available museum in the zone is far away from the residents out of the capital. ? There is no adequate services of hotels and others in such attractive areas, which can serve also as station. ? Since such attractive areas (Water fall \& others) are around jungle, there is fear of dangerous wild animal such as snake, leopard etc. If all these condition are properly fulfilled, problems such as unemployment and other social service problems will be solved. As the respondents' response, sand from building constitutes the majority of mineral available in the zone. All of the existing sand is exploited. Among the existing mineral 75\% is occupied by government and the remaining 25\% is by owners. The major problem with this is the road problem followed by other infrastructure problems. 
\section[{vii. Minearal Resources Abailable In The Zone}]{vii. Minearal Resources Abailable In The Zone}\par
viii. Infrastructure Facilities in the Zone (Appendix -I: 37, No.4-10.2)\par
Infrastructure facilities are the basis as well as the result of good investment. That means if there is adequate infrastructure, the investment will expand well. On the other hand, if the investment activity of one area is at a good level, there will be adequate infrastructural facilities which are a part of investment. The major factor that contribute to low infrastructural facilities are the following.\par
Volume XVII Issue I Version I  -The zone's landscape which is very unsuitable and requires high cost for paving the road. The telephone problem in the zone is on the way to be solved, and almost solved other than mobile telephone service problems such as network problem.\par
-\par
The major problem of postal service is that, it consumes time. 78\% of the respondents said that there is poor infrastructure in the zone. Only 22\% replied as there is fair infrastructural facilities. As the table above shows, transport (49\%) is the major inadequate infrastructure followed by telephone (37\%) and postal service (12\%). There are also other (2\%), such as electric power generation and clean water supply.  Among the selected respondents, 27\% replied that lack of resource resulted to low investment activity in the zone. That means one person needs resources which are necessary for starting investment activity. Lack of these resources is the major factor that contributed to limited investment activity in this zone. This lack of resources is followed by political factors (24\%), which is also a decisive factor. When we say political factors, there is a discrimination of one person from the other in respect of his/her political involvements. And also there is a fear of discontinuously of incentives given by government assuming that political chaos may occur in the country. Social factor is also one of factors for limited investment activity in the zone, which constitutes 21\%. These social factors are such as absence of close relationship between investors and the society. Climate condition of the zone is also another factor consisting 11\%. Climatic condition of some areas in the zone is not suitable for investment types required to be conducted there. There is also other factor which constitutes 1\%, such as corruption. 
\section[{Structured Interview (Appendix-II: 39, No.1-4)}]{Structured Interview (Appendix-II: 39, No.1-4)}\par
The Effect of Limited Investment Activity on the Economy (Appendix-Ii: 39, No.1-4)\par
When the researcher investigated, generally this limited investment activity is a cause for low economy of job opportunities; a cause for living under poverty line of rural residents; a reason for living with low standard of living of urban dwellers; a reason for the absence of manufacturing industries and also a reason for the other social service problems.\par
The relationship between the investors and the residents of the area is not as much satisfactory. b) Information Gathered from Urban Development and Investment Bureau Some data and information were collected specifically from these bureaus regarding investment activity in the zone. In the past ten years there were a construction of water supply and electric power generation which constitutes 48\% each. This show improvement in the supply of water for the urban dwellers living with low standard of life and electric power for both rural and urban residents. Large scale industry was also constructed around the capital of the zone constituting about 3\% of the respondents. There is also another with the share of 1\%, constituting agriculture and construction of small scale industries. The above pie chart indicates that majority that majority of the investors in the zone participate in investment in social service sector (45\%) followed by agriculture (22\%) and manufacturing (16\%). There are also other services such as hotels and others constituting 10\%, which the investors are engaged in. some investors are participating in forestry which constitute about 7\%.\par
ii Kinds of Pro blems the Investors Face According to the above table, the problems faced them is from government/political side (40\%), next to infrastructure constituting 49\%. There is also some problems related to the society which is about 11\%. This indicates that infrastructure is the major problem of investors which limit their investment activity. This can indirectly result urban dwellers to live with low standard of living, and also result to unemployment. Another is government/political problems which result in unemployment and absence of manufacturing industries. Additionally there are social problems such as disagreement between investors and the society.\par
iii. Kinds of Incentives given by Government The support or incentives the investors get from government are in the form of loan from bank and provision of market for their goods/services which are the highest, next to fee land (31\%) constituting 25\% each. There is also an incentive such as exemption from tax which is 19\%. The researcher recognized from this that, incentives or supports given by government is not as poorer especially, regarding land given to investors. On the other hand exemption from tax of their land seems unsatisfactory. So this has to be improved. This refers to the costs of doing business (e.g. the costs of complying with the policy, legal and regulatory frameworks in which the private sector operates, including the extra costs created by inadequate infrastructure, crime, corruption and excessive red tape). High costs reduce profits and discourage investment. They also create disincentives for firms to formalise, with a resultant loss of benefits to the economy. 
\section[{b. Reduce risks}]{b. Reduce risks}\par
This involves policy and institutional reforms that improve the stability of the investment climate and the predictability, real and perceived, of returns on investment, including by making the implementation of regulations established by national and local governments more predictable and enforcement of the rule of law morerigorous. A well-functioning financial market is crucial for managing the risks associated with firms and expanding production, especially for the many small domestic firms that rely on internally generated cash flows and money provided by family and friends. 
\section[{c. Improve competition}]{c. Improve competition}\par
A more competitive investment climate improves efficiency, encourages innovation and is a key factor driving productivity improvement in the short run. This often calls for the sequenced removal of policies or laws that protect markets or allow anti-competitive behaviour by public or private sector actors. A competition law and policy can help curb uncompetitive practices and engender a culture of competition. 
\section[{d. Develop capacity}]{d. Develop capacity}\par
Reforming the investment climate is a political process and relies on effective institutions and the ability of the private sector to identify key constraints to investment and to lobby for and help implement change. There is thus a need to support initiatives that build up the capacity of public and private sector stakeholders to engage in political process and to implement policy reforms. Capacity development can also improve the private sector's ability to cope with constraints and changes in the business environment and its capacity to innovate by adopting new technologies and expanding entrepreneurial skills. Much is already known about what should help promote private investment. To flourish, the private sector requires a stable and predictable investment climate that comes from macro-economic stability, transparent and accountable government, rigorous enforcement of the rule of law, functioning markets and institutions, a skilled and productive labour force, a strong commitment to fighting bribe solicitation and corruption, affordable and accessible infrastructure, intellectual property right protection and political and social stability. But Jimma zone contexts differincluding the size and maturity of their markets and governance conditions -as do the needs and especially the risks faced by different types of investors. To improve the investment climate, reforms should build on an analysis of the zone and sector-specific constraints to private sector development andan assessment of the zone's competitive advantage. Most of what needs to be done to mobilise investment is the responsibility of government offices and the private sector themselves. Nevertheless, ODA can help facilitate processes and promote the supply-side responsiveness of firms in Jimma zone. But using ODA to promote investment entails several challenges for Jimma zone and its development agencies. 
\section[{e) Private investors are diverse}]{e) Private investors are diverse}\par
It is important to recognise the diversity of private investors -domestic or foreign, large or small, formal or informal -when assessing barriers to investment. Priority areas for interventions are likely to be different for each group and need different responses:\par
i. The private sector in developing countries, such as Jimma zone is often made up of a very large number of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and a small number of well-established, larger firms. To help fill this gap, SME growth can be promoted by focussing on their specific needs such as expanded access to financial services and support to participate in processes that set the strategic framework for regional development. SMEs can also need greater access to the associations and enterprises that will help them improve their competitiveness and raise their capacity to link up with larger firms, both domestic and foreign. Fixed business costs weigh more heavily on SMEs.\par
Therefore, there is a case for introducing graduated schedules of payments (e.g. taxes, registration fees) or regulatory requirements based on firm size, rather than exemptions which can create disincentives for firms to grow or lead to unfair competition. A disproportionate number of womenowned businesses are SMEs. To help unleash women's entrepreneurship, specific, targeted initiatives may be needed to address gender biases that prevent women's enterprises from making their full contribution to growth and poverty reduction although direct interventions should not lead to market distortions. However, concentrating on the SME sector to the quasi-exclusion of micro/informal enterprises and large enterprises should be avoided. Policies are also needed to remove barriers to micro/informal enterprises joining the ranks of the SMEs, as well as to support the latter growing into large enterprises as observed in selected areas of the zone. ii. The informal economy forms a large part of the economies in many developing countries (OECD, 2004b:37). It provides employment and income to many poor households, including those who lose or cannot find work in the formal economy. It includes a disproportionate number of women and people from disadvantaged groups. But informality is not conducive to sustained growth and poverty reduction -it distorts markets, excludes people from basic protections and reduces revenues for social and other public expenditures. There are substantial assets held in the informal economy that could be used to help spur economic growth but fail to fulfil their productive potential. Formalisation also brings benefits for firms they are often unaware of, including greater access to the financial and other resources that will help their business to grow. It also helps them better deal with risk and vulnerability. Informality is not only a consequence of a weak investment climate; reducing informality will make an economy more attractive for investors.\par
There is a continuum between informality and formality -few firms follow all the rules governing enterprise behaviour and few follow none of them.\par
To promote movement towards a greater degree of formality, constraints to address include regulatory and administrative barriers, fees and financial requirements, corruption in public administration, socio-cultural attitudes and a lack of key business services. Making business services available to associations of informal firms and workers can be a first step along the path to greater formalisation (OECD2001:14). Development agencies in Jimma zone need to ensure that their efforts to improve livelihoods for those in the informal economy do not hold back tendencies towards greater formalisation.\par
iii. Foreign direct investment (FDI) should be encouraged, not only for the extra capital that it brings, but because it can lead to technology transfers, better human capital formation, deeper international trade integration and a more competitive business environment. Ideally, FDI projects should provide opportunities for competitive local firms to forge forward and backward linkages. There are four main determinants for attracting FDI: i) market size and growth prospects; ii) natural and human resourceendowment; iii) physical, financial and technological infrastructure; and iv) Openness to international trade and access to international markets. Some of these can be improved through investment-enhancing ODA if Jimma zone,at the grass root level enhances its investment activities.\par
In the least-developed countries like Ethiopia, which have still to benefit from sizable FDI inflows, particular efforts appear necessary to improve the functioning of financial markets, expand infrastructure, increase skill levels and connect up better with local enterprises. Foreign investors sometimes have difficulties assessing the risks of doing business in Jimma zone. Making accurate information on market conditions and experiences of other foreign investors more readily available will help address this. In addition, nationals abroad can have more accurate perceptions of conditions at home and can be encouraged to invest in their country of origin( OECD 2001:37). 
\section[{f) Trade liberalisation needs complementary policies}]{f) Trade liberalisation needs complementary policies}\par
Trade and investment are closely linked and complementary activities for modern business operations. For potential foreign investors, the ability to import and export easily is an important aspect of the investment climate. In the long-run, greater openness accelerates growth and leads to greater competition and efficiency in domestic and international markets. But, in the short-run, trade liberalisation may either increase welfare for the poor (if they are employed in export sectors or consume previously protected products) or decrease welfare for the poor (if they are employed in protected sectors or consume goods destined for export).\par
Complementary, compensatory and time-bound measures are generally needed to help the poor adjust to structural changes and take advantage of opportunities created through trade liberalisation. Therefore, to help firms in Jimma zone participate in regional markets where adherence to high business standards is required, Jimma zone administrators and development agencies can promote adoption of responsible business practices in such areas as labour relations, the environment and anti-corruption. The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises are a useful reference as they contain a set of recommendations for responsible business conduct that aim to promote the positive contributions that investment activities can make to economic, environmental and social progress. g) Natural resources can be a mixed blessing Abundant natural resources provide a basis for growth in Jimma zone and investment can help expand this zone' primary export sector. But some of this zone experience a "resource curse" and grow more slowly than those with fewer natural resources. As demand for commodities may remain strong for some time, further investments to expand extractive industries can be expected. Developing value chains that link natural resources up to processing activities using domestic suppliers of goods and services will help produce higher returns create more jobs and ensure that the resulting growth is broader-based and more sustained. So too will efforts to reduce corruption and strengthen public financial management. It is important that extra revenues that governments may receive through royalties and taxes do not reduce pressures to reform and that Jimma zone pay attention to the possible environmental degradation that can result from intensive use of natural resources. 
\section[{h) Public-private partnerships should help promote private investment}]{h) Public-private partnerships should help promote private investment}\par
The motivation behind the public-private partnership (PPP) approach is to maximise interactions between the public and private sectors so as to deliver public services, such as water, electricity or telecommunications, more efficiently and to more people, and to improve the quality and the affordability of access to services provided. PPPs can take many forms -ranging from a private firm providing a public service for a specific period to "design-build-operatetransfer" arrangements. As well as leveraging extra funding and encouraging efficiency gains, entering into a PPP can motivate governments to identify and prioritise their infrastructure needs. But, establishing appropriate framework conditions for PPPs has often proved to be a complex task, particularly in small markets and in some sectors such as water.\par
Governments have complained that investors have reneged on contractual obligations, especially regarding the coverage of services, while investors have complained that the business environment has not been conducive to delivering services according to sound commercial principles. Other important issues that have arisen include the pricing of the basic services provided, arrangements regarding poor people's access to services, financing operating and maintenance costs and mitigating non-market risks. A structured dialogue between the public and private sectors can help identify common goals and facilitate better understanding of each partner's objectives. Results to date with PPPs have been mixed and lessons need to be learnt and applied. To avoid pitfalls encountered in the past, careful attention is required when contracts are being negotiated as researcher's personal observation revealed. 
\section[{i) Expectations need to be kept realistic}]{i) Expectations need to be kept realistic}\par
The researcher investigated more about the institutional and policy reforms that should improve the necessary conditions for investment. However, the managers are less clear about how to bring about the conditions that will lead to more investment, particularly in Jimma zone that appear to have low growth potential. This highlights the importance of working both on the enabling environment as well as strengthening the supply-side capacity of the local private sector, including by promoting entrepreneurship and innovation through education and vocational training, research and development, technology transfers, making access to finance and other inputs cheaper and less cumbersome, and reducing the costs and formalities associated with creating and closing firms. Efforts to mobilise investment should not focus only on expanding production of existing goods and services; improving the investment climate will also help new economic activities to emerge. 
\section[{Document Analysis from existing written Materials}]{Document Analysis from existing written Materials}\par
Enhancing the contribution of investment to reducing poverty (Appendix-IV: 41, No.1)\par
To enhance the impact of private investment on poverty reduction, which in turn should make growth more rapid and sustained as well, policies need to ensure that poor women and men participate in, contribute to and benefit from the growth process: i. Obstacles that limit poor people's access to labour, land and other markets need to be removed. The poor may need help to increase their assets and legal rights as well. So that reforms translate into development results throughout the selected areas of the zone, efforts are needed to ensure that poor people are aware of the availability of services and of their rights, and that these rights can be enforced. In more sophisticated economies, development agencies can give higher priority to supporting policies and projects that extend the provision of financial services to the poor and small firms, on terms and conditions more adapted to their needs. Expanding access to banking facilities for the many "unbanked" in Jimma zone -through outreach, use of ICT and more cost-efficient and transparent services -will also help channel remittance payments more cost effectively and enhance their contribution to mobilising investment. v. Inadequate and insufficient infrastructure is a major obstacle to growth, trade and investment and raises the production and transaction costs of doing business. Investments in transport, energy, and water and ICT services are also essential to bring poor people closer to local, national, regional and global markets. To meet the infrastructure challenge in selected areas of Jimma zone, four guiding principles should be applied (Appendix IV: 41, No.2): i. use partner country-led frameworks as the basis for co-ordinated donor support; ii. enhance infrastructure's impact on poor people; iii. improve management of infrastructure investment, to achieve sustainable outcomes; and iv. Increase infrastructure financing and use all financial resources efficiently. To help meet this challenge, private sector participation in infrastructure investment needs to increase, including through PPPs where there is official v. financing support for export credits; these need to bear in mind international obligations about trade distortions and subsidies. There has been considerable underinvestment and disinvestment in agriculture, especially in Africa (OECD 2001:67). In some cases, this has been due to local agricultural produce not being able to compete with imported goods. Yet agriculture remains a key sector because enhancing growth prospects, productivity and diversification will contribute significantly to growth and poverty reduction. Hence, most poor people in selected areas of Jimma zone engage in private sector activities through farming and associated agribusiness. Increasing access to markets and assets, improving access to productivity-enhancing technology (especially for small produces and agribusinesses) and boosting investment in power, irrigation and road infrastructure are critical for releasing the economic potential in rural areas and expanding the domestic private sector. 
\section[{Chapter Five}]{Chapter Five}\par
V. 
\section[{Conclusion and Recommendation a) Conclusion}]{Conclusion and Recommendation a) Conclusion}\par
In Jimma zone, even though the potentiality of the area has not been studied before fully, according to this investigation it is concluded that Jimma zone has great potential for investment. The general structure of landscape, and its scene tic nature have made it to have different weather conditions, good rainfall which make it suitable for the growth of different types of crops (such as sugarcane, coffee, oil bearing crop etc), and cotton production. The landscape and weather condition of the zone is also conductive for live stock production, such as cattle, sheep, goat and beekeeping. Investment in social service sector and small scale industries are the types of investment activities available in the zone and which have to be expanded more. Manufacturing and processing industries, mining industry and forestry sectors are also available. In addition, there found museumand tourists attraction area in Jimma zone. But compared to these potentialities investment sector is found in poor condition in the zone.\par
The development of investment sector for the future also seems one of the disgusting one, if the problems identified are not alleviated properly. Factors that contribute to this low investment activities in the zone are a lot. But, the general problems are seen from, government side, investors themselves and natural factors. The government has not made sufficient survey on natural resources, has not gave much attention on the development of infrastructural facilities, has not gave fair treatment or incentives (i.e. based on political involvement), has not strengthen the exchange of information and consultancy services for investors and others.\par
Investors have also problems such as lack of awareness (i.e. lack of knowledge about investment and absence of carefulness when they are doing their activities), and lack of strong coordination with the society.\par
In addition there is also a problem of mismatching of available factors (potentials) of some parts of the zone with the investment types which have to be conducted there. For instance, in urban parts of the zone there may be rainfall and land which is suitable for the production of crops and vice versa which is generally concluded as climatic condition and lack of resources.\par
To overcome these and all other problems that contribute to low investment activities in the zone, the following points may be recommended to the government and the general public.\par
- By\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure}
         \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
Year 2017\\
6\\
Volume XVII Issue I Version I\\
( H )\\
Global Journal of Human Social Science -\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.1993827160493827\textwidth}P{0.45123456790123456\textwidth}P{0.0419753086419753\textwidth}P{0.0419753086419753\textwidth}P{0.11543209876543209\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Education Health service Infrastructure}\tabcellsep Total\\
Frequency\tabcellsep 35\tabcellsep 35\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 100\\
percentage\tabcellsep 35\tabcellsep 35\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 100\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.14166666666666666\textwidth}P{0.3131578947368421\textwidth}P{0.15657894736842104\textwidth}P{0.14166666666666666\textwidth}P{0.014912280701754385\textwidth}P{0.08201754385964911\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep Manufacturing and processing\tabcellsep Mining industries\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Forestry Others}\tabcellsep Total\\
\tabcellsep industries\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Frequency\tabcellsep 56\tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 100\\
percentage\tabcellsep 56\tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 100\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.33055555555555555\textwidth}P{0.16527777777777777\textwidth}P{0.11805555555555555\textwidth}P{0.1259259259259259\textwidth}P{0.11018518518518518\textwidth}}
Name of mineral\tabcellsep Status\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Owner\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Exploited\tabcellsep Not Exploited\tabcellsep Private\tabcellsep Government\\
Sand for building\tabcellsep 100\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 75\\
percentage\tabcellsep 100\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 75\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_5}Table 5 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.05483870967741935\textwidth}P{0.7951612903225805\textwidth}}
v.\tabcellsep Sectors Available in the Zone\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_6}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{6} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.3510869565217391\textwidth}P{0.14782608695652172\textwidth}P{0.14782608695652172\textwidth}P{0.20326086956521738\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep Poor\tabcellsep Fair\tabcellsep Total\\
Frequency\tabcellsep 78\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep 100\\
percentage\tabcellsep 78\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep 100\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_7}Table 6 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{7} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.1993827160493827\textwidth}P{0.13641975308641974\textwidth}P{0.18888888888888888\textwidth}P{0.13641975308641974\textwidth}P{0.07345679012345678\textwidth}P{0.11543209876543209\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep Telephone\tabcellsep Postal service\tabcellsep Transport\tabcellsep Other\tabcellsep Total\\
Frequency\tabcellsep 37\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 100\\
percentage\tabcellsep 37\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 100\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_8}Table 7 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{8} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.11618705035971223\textwidth}P{0.12230215827338128\textwidth}P{0.13453237410071942\textwidth}P{0.12841726618705035\textwidth}P{0.12841726618705035\textwidth}P{0.1039568345323741\textwidth}P{0.04892086330935252\textwidth}P{0.06726618705035971\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep Lack of resource\tabcellsep Climatic condition\tabcellsep Lack of awareness\tabcellsep Political factors\tabcellsep Social factor\tabcellsep others\tabcellsep Total\\
Frequency\tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 100\\
percentage\tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 100\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_9}Table 8 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{9} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.1023148148148148\textwidth}P{0.7476851851851852\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep i. The Role of Urban Development and Investment\\
\tabcellsep Bureau in Investment Activity\\
\tabcellsep Urban development bureau contribute to the\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{expansion of investment activity in the area by;}\\
-\tabcellsep Preparing and distributing suitable land around the\\
\tabcellsep towns for investors work around the town.\\
-\tabcellsep Helping town administration to fulfill infrastructural\\
\tabcellsep facilities.\\
-\tabcellsep Approving design and monitoring construction\\
-\tabcellsep Helping investors by giving them some licenses and\\
\tabcellsep incentives.\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_10}Table 9 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{10} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.16313131313131313\textwidth}P{0.16313131313131313\textwidth}P{0.21464646464646464\textwidth}P{0.15454545454545454\textwidth}P{0.0601010101010101\textwidth}P{0.09444444444444444\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep Social problems\tabcellsep Government/ political\tabcellsep Infrastructure\tabcellsep Other\tabcellsep Total\\
Frequency\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 100\\
percentage\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 100\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_11}Table 10 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{11} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.13922413793103447\textwidth}P{0.13189655172413794\textwidth}P{0.08793103448275862\textwidth}P{0.16120689655172413\textwidth}P{0.1978448275862069\textwidth}P{0.05129310344827586\textwidth}P{0.08060344827586206\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep Loan from bank\tabcellsep Land fee\tabcellsep Exemption from tax\tabcellsep Market for good/service\tabcellsep other\tabcellsep Total\\
Frequency\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 31\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 100\\
percentage\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 31\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 100\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_12}Table 11 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.7629626365879449\textwidth}P{0.0022470919985900597\textwidth}P{0.004943602396898132\textwidth}P{0.015430031723651745\textwidth}P{0.06441663729291504\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{2}{l}{VI. ? Others (specify) \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore }\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{2. Production and processing of live stock}\tabcellsep \\
? Cattle \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
? Sheep \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
? Goat \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
? Others (specify) \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{3. Manufacturing and processing industries \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore }\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{4. Mining industry \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore }\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{5. Investment in Social Service sector}\tabcellsep \\
? Education \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
? Health Service \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
? Infrastructure \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{6. Small scale industries ? Metal work \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore  ? Weaving \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore  7. Forestry \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore }\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Year 2017\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{8. Others (specify) \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore }\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{9. Museum and tourist attraction areas in the gone}\tabcellsep b) Recommendation\\
No\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Types of attraction}\tabcellsep Location\\
10. Mineral resources in the zone.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Name of Mineral\tabcellsep Status\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Owner\\
\tabcellsep Exploited\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{-Not Exploited}\tabcellsep Creating good relationship with other zones of the region Private Government\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep -\tabcellsep Government and other investment related bureaus\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep have to activity participate in fulfilling infrastructural\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep facilities\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{10.1 Adequacy of mineral resources Poor \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore  Fair \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore  10.2 Inadequacy of mineral resources a. Telephone \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore  b. Postal Service \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore  c. Transport \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore  d. Other \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore  5.}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep ---\tabcellsep Government has to give fair and equal treatment or incentives for all investors by not discriminating them based on political involvement. Providing sufficient information of investment possibilities by giving some councils to the public and aware those investors about other investment alternatives\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_14}}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{\& it is not original. Documents have been used as a source of information which has been obtained from investment bureau of Jimma Zone, Jimma town.© 2017 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 			\footnote{© 2017 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 			\footnote{© 2017 Global Journals Inc. (US) Volume XVII Issue I Version I 15 ( H )} 		 		\backmatter   			 
\subsection[{Acknowledgements}]{Acknowledgements}\par
I am very grateful to my advisor Mr. Nega Jibat for his valuable comments and advice throughout the study.\par
This paper, in general, would not have been accomplished entirely only by investigator. Some people also contributed their knowledge and ideas towards this work, and I would like to acknowledge them for their generous help.\par
Among the persons that contributed valuable ideas for structuring my paper, the most important full contributor is my colleague Ato Yadeta Asha, who helped me with purposeful suggestion and appreciation. I also like to thank w/ro Seida Awel who helped me in typing and printing out this paper.\par
Finally, I do not fail to thank the employees of some bureaus and residents of the zone for their cooperation and support. 			  			 
\subsection[{appendix -i}]{appendix -i} 
\subsection[{Questionnaires to Collect Information from beneficiaries of investment}]{Questionnaires to Collect Information from beneficiaries of investment}\par
The following questions are designed to collect data and information regarding investment activities, factors that hinder its development, its impact on the zone's economic development.\par
The questions are prepared in two languages; i.e English language as well as Afan Oromo language for some respondents in a way that it is simple and easy to comprehend. Request to the Respondents 1. Read the statement carefully and try to be objective to the possible extent. 2. For "yes" or "No" responses make " X" mark on the space provided 3. For description questions try to be clear as much as possible. 
\subsection[{A. Written Questionnaire}]{A. Written Questionnaire}\par
The following questions are designed to gather information on opportunities for investment activities in Jimma Zone. The respondents for these questions will be some residents or users of investment out come and other sections. 
\subsection[{Agricultural and agro-processing}]{Agricultural and agro-processing}\par
Appendix-ii Appendix -iv D. Document Analysis 1. What does the existing document denote to enhance level of the activity? (Description of ideas are requested by researcher's observation) 2. How do we enhance the contribution of investment to reducing poverty in Jimma zone? 3. What are the guiding principles that we apply for achievement of the infrastructure challenge?			 			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem[Student et al.]{b15}\label{b15} 	 		\textit{},  		 			Student 		,  		 			Research Tamirat 		,  		 			Gutu 		.  		 		 			Management Mekele University 		 	 
\bibitem[Kotler and Management ()]{b8}\label{b8} 	 		\textit{},  		 			Marketing Kotler 		,  		 			Management 		.  		1997.  	 	 (9th Edition) 
\bibitem[Kane ()]{b0}\label{b0} 	 		\textit{},  		 			Bodie Kane 		,  		 			Marcus 		.  		1999.  	 	 (Investment) 
\bibitem[Zikmund ()]{b18}\label{b18} 	 		\textit{Business Research Method},  		 			G Zikmund 		,  		 			William 		.  		1997.  	 	 (5th Edition) 
\bibitem[Clemens et al. ()]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		\textit{Counting chickens when they hatch: The shortterm effect of aid on growth},  		 			M Clemens 		,  		 			S Radelet 		,  		 			R Bhavnani 		.  		2004. Washington DC.  	 	 (Working Paper 44, Center for Global Development) 
\bibitem[Oecd ()]{b11}\label{b11} 	 		\textit{DAC Orientations for Development Cooperation in Support of Private 15. Sector Development},  		 			Oecd 		.  		1995. Paris.  	 
\bibitem[Migliorisi and Galmarini ()]{b10}\label{b10} 	 		\textit{Donor assistance for investment climate reforms and for direct support to firms: An overview of available data},  		 			S Migliorisi 		,  		 			M Galmarini 		.  		 12. OECD .2004b.  		2004. 2005. Paris: OECD. 4.  	 	 (Mobilising Investment for Development: Review of ODA uses and experience. Paris. 13. OECD .2001., The DAC Guidelines. Poverty Reduction) 
\bibitem[Cuong ()]{b3}\label{b3} 	 		\textit{Donor coordination in SME/private sector development},  		 			N H Cuong 		.  		2005.  	 
\bibitem[Erical and Helfert]{b5}\label{b5} 	 		 			Erical 		,  		 			Helfert 		.  		\textit{Techniques of Financial Analysis},  				 	 	 (9th Edition) 
\bibitem[Ethiopia a guide to investment (1992)]{b6}\label{b6} 	 		\textit{Ethiopia a guide to investment},  		1992. Sep. Addis Ababa; Ethiopia.  	 
\bibitem[Gitman]{b9}\label{b9} 	 		\textit{Principle of Managerial Finance},  		 			Lawrence J Gitman 		.  		 	 	 (8th Edition) 
\bibitem[Robert and Cliffe ()]{b12}\label{b12} 	 		 			C Rad Robert 		,  		 			Cliffe 		.  		\textit{Investment, Strategy, Objective, Policy},  				1996.  	 
\bibitem[Schaum's out lines Financial Management ()]{b14}\label{b14} 	 		‘Schaum's out lines’.  	 	 		\textit{Financial Management}  		1996.  	 	 (2nd Edition) 
\bibitem[Sone ()]{b13}\label{b13} 	 		 			Samuel Sone 		.  		\textit{Consumption and Investment, Economics},  				1989.  	 	 (13th edition) 
\bibitem[Statistical pocket: Finfinnee]{b17}\label{b17} 	 		\textit{Statistical pocket: Finfinnee},  				 	 
\bibitem[The case of Viet Nam presentation given at the International Conference on Reforming the Business Environment (2005)]{b4}\label{b4} 	 		‘The case of Viet Nam’.  	 	 		\textit{presentation given at the International Conference on Reforming the Business Environment},  				November 2005.  	 
\bibitem[The Regional State of Oromia bureau of Planning and Economic Dev't ()]{b16}\label{b16} 	 		\textit{The Regional State of Oromia bureau of Planning and Economic Dev't},  		1997.  	 
\bibitem[Urban Local and Governemt ()]{b7}\label{b7} 	 		 			Jimma Urban Local 		,  		 			Governemt 		.  		\textit{Strategic plan},  				1996-2000E.C) Nov. 2003.  	 
\bibitem[Boza and Haggarty (2006)]{b1}\label{b1} 	 		\textit{Utilising Public-Private Dialogue to Create a Market for Reform:Case study presented at the International Workshop on Public Private Dialogue},  		 			Beatriz Boza 		,  		 			Luke Haggarty 		.  		2006. 1-2 February. Paris.  	 
\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}
