\documentclass[11pt,twoside]{article}\makeatletter

\IfFileExists{xcolor.sty}%
  {\RequirePackage{xcolor}}%
  {\RequirePackage{color}}
\usepackage{colortbl}
\usepackage{wrapfig}
\usepackage{ifxetex}
\ifxetex
  \usepackage{fontspec}
  \usepackage{xunicode}
  \catcode`⃥=\active \def⃥{\textbackslash}
  \catcode`❴=\active \def❴{\{}
  \catcode`❵=\active \def❵{\}}
  \def\textJapanese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK JP}}
  \def\textChinese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK SC}}
  \def\textKorean{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK KR}}
  \setmonofont{DejaVu Sans Mono}
  
\else
  \IfFileExists{utf8x.def}%
   {\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}
      \PrerenderUnicode{–}
    }%
   {\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}}
  \usepackage[english]{babel}
  \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
  \usepackage{float}
  \usepackage[]{ucs}
  \uc@dclc{8421}{default}{\textbackslash }
  \uc@dclc{10100}{default}{\{}
  \uc@dclc{10101}{default}{\}}
  \uc@dclc{8491}{default}{\AA{}}
  \uc@dclc{8239}{default}{\,}
  \uc@dclc{20154}{default}{ }
  \uc@dclc{10148}{default}{>}
  \def\textschwa{\rotatebox{-90}{e}}
  \def\textJapanese{}
  \def\textChinese{}
  \IfFileExists{tipa.sty}{\usepackage{tipa}}{}
\fi
\def\exampleFont{\ttfamily\small}
\DeclareTextSymbol{\textpi}{OML}{25}
\usepackage{relsize}
\RequirePackage{array}
\def\@testpach{\@chclass
 \ifnum \@lastchclass=6 \@ne \@chnum \@ne \else
  \ifnum \@lastchclass=7 5 \else
   \ifnum \@lastchclass=8 \tw@ \else
    \ifnum \@lastchclass=9 \thr@@
   \else \z@
   \ifnum \@lastchclass = 10 \else
   \edef\@nextchar{\expandafter\string\@nextchar}%
   \@chnum
   \if \@nextchar c\z@ \else
    \if \@nextchar l\@ne \else
     \if \@nextchar r\tw@ \else
   \z@ \@chclass
   \if\@nextchar |\@ne \else
    \if \@nextchar !6 \else
     \if \@nextchar @7 \else
      \if \@nextchar (8 \else
       \if \@nextchar )9 \else
  10
  \@chnum
  \if \@nextchar m\thr@@\else
   \if \@nextchar p4 \else
    \if \@nextchar b5 \else
   \z@ \@chclass \z@ \@preamerr \z@ \fi \fi \fi \fi
   \fi \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi}
\gdef\arraybackslash{\let\\=\@arraycr}
\def\@textsubscript#1{{\m@th\ensuremath{_{\mbox{\fontsize\sf@size\z@#1}}}}}
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\def\abbr{}
\def\corr{}
\def\expan{}
\def\gap{}
\def\orig{}
\def\reg{}
\def\ref{}
\def\sic{}
\def\persName{}\def\name{}
\def\placeName{}
\def\orgName{}
\def\textcal#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Calligraphy}#1}}
\def\textgothic#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Blackletter}#1}}
\def\textlarge#1{{\large #1}}
\def\textoverbar#1{\ensuremath{\overline{#1}}}
\def\textquoted#1{‘#1’}
\def\textsmall#1{{\small #1}}
\def\textsubscript#1{\@textsubscript{\selectfont#1}}
\def\textxi{\ensuremath{\xi}}
\def\titlem{\itshape}
\newenvironment{biblfree}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{bibl}{}{}
\newenvironment{byline}{\vskip6pt\itshape\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{citbibl}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docAuthor}{\ifvmode\vskip4pt\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont\fi\itshape}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docDate}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docImprint}{\vskip 6pt}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docTitle}{\vskip6pt\bfseries\fontsize{22pt}{25pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{msHead}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{msItem}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{rubric}{}{}
\newenvironment{titlePart}{}{\par }

\newcolumntype{L}[1]{){\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{C}[1]{){\centering\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{R}[1]{){\raggedleft\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{P}[1]{){\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{B}[1]{){\arraybackslash}b{#1}}
\newcolumntype{M}[1]{){\arraybackslash}m{#1}}
\definecolor{label}{gray}{0.75}
\def\unusedattribute#1{\sout{\textcolor{label}{#1}}}
\DeclareRobustCommand*{\xref}{\hyper@normalise\xref@}
\def\xref@#1#2{\hyper@linkurl{#2}{#1}}
\begingroup
\catcode`\_=\active
\gdef_#1{\ensuremath{\sb{\mathrm{#1}}}}
\endgroup
\mathcode`\_=\string"8000
\catcode`\_=12\relax

\usepackage[a4paper,twoside,lmargin=1in,rmargin=1in,tmargin=1in,bmargin=1in,marginparwidth=0.75in]{geometry}
\usepackage{framed}

\definecolor{shadecolor}{gray}{0.95}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
\usepackage{fancyvrb}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{marginnote}

\renewcommand{\@cite}[1]{#1}


\renewcommand*{\marginfont}{\itshape\footnotesize}

\def\Gin@extensions{.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.tif}

  \pagestyle{fancy}

\usepackage[pdftitle={Accelerating Public Private Partnership in Agricultural Storage Infrastructure in India},
 pdfauthor={}]{hyperref}
\hyperbaseurl{}

	 \paperwidth210mm
	 \paperheight297mm
              
\def\@pnumwidth{1.55em}
\def\@tocrmarg {2.55em}
\def\@dotsep{4.5}
\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
\clubpenalty=8000
\emergencystretch 3em
\hbadness=4000
\hyphenpenalty=400
\pretolerance=750
\tolerance=2000
\vbadness=4000
\widowpenalty=10000

\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}%
     {-1.75ex \@plus -0.5ex \@minus -.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\Large\bfseries}}
\renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}%
     {-1.75ex\@plus -0.5ex \@minus- .2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\Large}}
\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}%
     {-1.5ex\@plus -0.35ex \@minus -.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\large}}
\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}%
     {-1ex \@plus-0.35ex \@minus -0.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\normalsize}}
\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}%
     {1.5ex \@plus1ex \@minus .2ex}%
     {-1em}%
     {\reset@font\normalsize\bfseries}}


\def\l@section#1#2{\addpenalty{\@secpenalty} \addvspace{1.0em plus 1pt}
 \@tempdima 1.5em \begingroup
 \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth 
 \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth 
 \bfseries \leavevmode #1\hfil \hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par
 \endgroup}
\def\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
\def\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
\def\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
\def\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{10em}{5em}}
\@ifundefined{c@section}{\newcounter{section}}{}
\@ifundefined{c@chapter}{\newcounter{chapter}}{}
\newif\if@mainmatter 
\@mainmattertrue
\def\chaptername{Chapter}
\def\frontmatter{%
  \pagenumbering{roman}
  \def\thechapter{\@roman\c@chapter}
  \def\theHchapter{\roman{chapter}}
  \def\thesection{\@roman\c@section}
  \def\theHsection{\roman{section}}
  \def\@chapapp{}%
}
\def\mainmatter{%
  \cleardoublepage
  \def\thechapter{\@arabic\c@chapter}
  \setcounter{chapter}{0}
  \setcounter{section}{0}
  \pagenumbering{arabic}
  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{6}
  \def\@chapapp{\chaptername}%
  \def\theHchapter{\arabic{chapter}}
  \def\thesection{\@arabic\c@section}
  \def\theHsection{\arabic{section}}
}
\def\backmatter{%
  \cleardoublepage
  \setcounter{chapter}{0}
  \setcounter{section}{0}
  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{2}
  \def\@chapapp{\appendixname}%
  \def\thechapter{\@Alph\c@chapter}
  \def\theHchapter{\Alph{chapter}}
  \appendix
}
\newenvironment{bibitemlist}[1]{%
   \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
       {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}%
        \leftmargin\labelwidth
        \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
        \@openbib@code
        \usecounter{enumiv}%
        \let\p@enumiv\@empty
        \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}%
	}%
  \sloppy
  \clubpenalty4000
  \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty
  \widowpenalty4000%
  \sfcode`\.\@m}%
  {\def\@noitemerr
    {\@latex@warning{Empty `bibitemlist' environment}}%
    \endlist}

\def\tableofcontents{\section*{\contentsname}\@starttoc{toc}}
\parskip0pt
\parindent1em
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\newenvironment{reflist}{%
  \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
  {%
   \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
   \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
   \def\makelabel##1{\itshape ##1}}%
  }
  {\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{sansreflist}{%
  \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
  {%
   \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
   \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
   \def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}%
  }
  {\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{specHead}[2]%
 {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}%
  \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}%

  \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}%
  \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}%
  }{}
      \def\TheFullDate{2015-05-15 (revised: 15 May 2015)}
\def\TheID{\makeatother }
\def\TheDate{2015-05-15}
\title{Accelerating Public Private Partnership in Agricultural Storage Infrastructure in India}
\author{}\makeatletter 
\makeatletter
\newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{%
  \clearpage
    \if@twoside
    \ifodd\c@page
      \hbox{}\newpage
      \if@twocolumn
        \hbox{}\newpage
      \fi
    \fi
  \fi
}
\makeatother
\makeatletter
\thispagestyle{empty}
\markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author}
\renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@
\belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@
\def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
               \topsep 2\p@ plus1\p@ minus1\p@
               \parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@
               \itemsep 1pt}
}
\makeatother
\fvset{frame=single,numberblanklines=false,xleftmargin=5mm,xrightmargin=5mm}
\fancyhf{} 
\setlength{\headheight}{14pt}
\fancyhead[LE]{\bfseries\leftmark} 
\fancyhead[RO]{\bfseries\rightmark} 
\fancyfoot[RO]{}
\fancyfoot[CO]{\thepage}
\fancyfoot[LO]{\TheID}
\fancyfoot[LE]{}
\fancyfoot[CE]{\thepage}
\fancyfoot[RE]{\TheID}
\hypersetup{citebordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,linkbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,urlbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,bookmarksnumbered=true}
\fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}}

\date{}
\usepackage{authblk}

\providecommand{\keywords}[1]
{
\footnotesize
  \textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1
}

\usepackage{graphicx,xcolor}
\definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81}
\definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9}
\definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70}
\definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} 

\renewenvironment{abstract}{%
   \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright
   \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}}
   \vskip16pt
   \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space}
}{%   
   \vskip8pt
   \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}}
   \vskip16pt
}

\usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos}

\makeatother 
      \usepackage{lineno}
      \linenumbers
      
\begin{document}

             \author[1]{Mushtaq Ahmad  Shah}

             \affil[1]{  Guru Ghasidas Vishwadiyalaya}

\renewcommand\Authands{ and }

\date{\small \em Received: 12 April 2015 Accepted: 4 May 2015 Published: 15 May 2015}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


Abstract- Agriculture occupies a prominent position in Indian economy, not only because it accounts for 17 per cent of India's gross domestic product (GDP) but also engages more than 50 per cent of the country's workforce. However, Indian Agriculture is confronting the major challenges with respect to ever growing population to feed, reducing natural resources, increasing global competitiveness, deficiency of scientific storage facilities, and above all, uncertainties of the monsoon and changing climate. The small farmers do not have the financial strength to hold the produce with them and are unable to get better off season prices of their agricultural produce. The government buys food grains from the farmers but likewise does not have the space to store it.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{storage infrastructure, public private partnership, warehousing gap.}

\begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) 
\textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark}
\end{textblock*}

\begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) 
\textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}}
\end{textblock*}


\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
ndia is one of the fastest growing economies and the seventh largest country in the world in terms of its geographical size. India has a population of nearly 1.27 billion which makes it the second most populous nation in the world. The majority of population draws their livelihood from agriculture and agriculture allied activities. But, the Storage facilities for storing agriculture output are either totally absent or grossly inadequate. Under such conditions the farmers are obliged to sell their produce instantly after the harvest at the prevailing market prices which are bound to be low. Such distress sale deprives the farmers of their legitimate income.\par
The Parse Committee estimated the postharvest losses at 9.3 per cent of which nearly 6.6 per cent occurred due to miserable storage conditions alone. Scientific storage is therefore very crucial to avoid losses and to benefit the farmers and the consumers alike. At present there are number of agencies engaged in warehousing and storage activities. The food corporation of India (FCI), the central warehousing corporation (CWC) and state warehousing corporation (SWC) are among the principal agencies engaged in this task. These agencies help in building up buffer stock, which can be used in the hour of need.\par
The food Corporation of India (FCI) has insufficient modern scientific storage facilities, and covered godowns with enough storage capacities. Hence grains are stored in outdoors under cover and plinth (CAP) storage round the country. This makes grains prone to rodents, wet and moisture, birds and pests. Unexpected rainstorms and weather makes matters worse. Every year tonnes of food grains wasted because of inadequate storage and infrastructure facilities. The wastage of fruits and vegetables is even higher than grains. Therefore, food logistic chain in India needs vast investment in providing proper storage facilities. Storage infrastructure is necessary for carrying over the agricultural produce from production periods to the rest of the year and to prevent distress sales.\par
There is a huge gap in the quantity of agricultural produce and the available storage. An estimated cumulative loss of Rs 550 million is expected, owing to the lack of proper cold storage facilities for agricultural produce. The huge gap between the demand and supply of logistics services, which was left unattended due to the unorganised nature of the market, has opened up many opportunities for other stake holders. Many new initiatives were taken up during the Eleventh Plan, including both terminal markets under Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mode.\par
The private participants and investors on Agricultural Warehousing including PSUs, are diverting their resources to such economically more attractive and viable options. Private sector intervention should be promoted by soft loan facilities for construction of agricultural godowns at potential locations and provide subsidy and tax incentives to such entrepreneurs. Perhaps, such positive approach from the part of the planning commission and recommendations of the inter-ministerial committees of the Govt. may go a long way to narrow the gap between production and storage requirements and feed thousands of poverty ridden human population. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Objective}]{Objective}\par
The objective of this paper is to provide an insight into the matter of storage of food grains in India, the losses which are occurring due to non-availability of proper scientific storage practices, to find out the warehousing gap and a role Public-Private Partnerships as the govt. strategy to bridge that gap. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Methodology}]{Methodology}\par
The research is exploratory type based on secondary data, collected from various sources, namely research papers, World Bank reports, text books, different websites of related ministry, published and unpublished reports, like the Comptroller and auditor General of India report on storage management and movement of food grains in FCI, report of the Working Group on warehousing development and regulation for the 12th plan year by Planning Commission, government of India etc. 
\section[{IV.}]{IV.} 
\section[{Discussions and Analysis a) Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure}]{Discussions and Analysis a) Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure}\par
Indian agriculture is at critical point where the sector has to work towards food security as well to meet inevitable global competition brought by advent of multi brand retail. Agriculture sector needs streamlined supply chain in the form of well functioning marketing infrastructure. However, In India, the high value supply chain is complex and the infrastructure connecting the various partners in the chain is very weak. The studies conducted by Directorate of Marketing and Inspection (DMI) reveal that Costs and Margins account for 30 to 35 per cent of consumer's price in foodgrains, 45 to 55 per cent in fruit and vegetables and 12 to 36 per cent in oilseed crops. In order to provide dynamism and efficiency into the marketing system, large investments are required for the development of markets, post harvest and cold chain infrastructure.\par
Agriculture/agricultural marketing being a state subject, it is the responsibility of respective state governments to take necessary steps for reforming marketing infrastructure. At present farm output is traded through a network of 27738 wholesale and primary rural markets and 7157 regulated markets scattered across the states. Out of the 21,221 rural periodical markets, 15\% function under the ambit of regulation. The advent of regulated markets has helped in mitigating the market handicaps of producers-sellers at the wholesale assembling level. But, the Rural Periodic Markets in general, and the Tribal Markets in particular, remained out of its developmental ambit. It is evident from the above table that the postharvest losses in different commodities are a matter of serious concern, so drastic measures need to be taken in order to minimise this loss.\par
i 
\section[{. Need to Reduce Post-harvest Losses}]{. Need to Reduce Post-harvest Losses}\par
There is a need of application of modern technology to improve the handling systems of horticultural perishables and assure their quality and safety, overcoming the socio-economic constraints, such as inadequacies of infrastructure, poor marketing systems, and weak R\&D capacity. Thus encourage consolidation and establish vertical integration among producers and marketers.\par
Post-harvest losses, accounts nearly an average 10 to 25 per cent, being particularly high in horticulture, livestock and fisheries. Very large investments are required in developing agricultural markets, grading and standardisation, quality certification, warehouses, cold storages and other postharvest management programs to address this problem. 
\section[{c) Warehousing Capacity}]{c) Warehousing Capacity}\par
There is no exact data regarding warehousing capacities available in various sectors at present. However, some of the substantial capacities available in public, cooperative and private sectors are estimated as given below  Thus, the covered storage space available in the country is not sufficient to cater to the procured stocks for Central Pool. As a result, during peak procurement period, some quantity of foodgrains is stored in Cover and Plinth (CAP) and the same is evacuated to consuming states on priority As evident from the chart above, private sector interest in warehousing industry picked up after the "Rural Godown Scheme" was introduced in year 2001-02 under national bank for agriculture and rural development (NABARD) and national cooperative development corporation (NCDC).\par
The warehousing capacity built over past 10 years, especially those sanctioned by NABARD have an average storage capacity per warehouse of 1,261 metric tonne (MT) and around 75\% of numbers of godowns have capacity of less than 1,000 MT. The development of small and medium godowns indicates that most of them have been built by farmers or a community of farmers thus ensuring that distress sale is reduced and better prices are paid to farmer for their produce.\par
Apart from this there are few large national level players which have emerged over the last decade owing to the available capital subsidy. These include National bulk handling corporation ltd., National collateral management services ltd., Adani agri logistics, Star agri warehousing \& collateral management ltd., Shree shubham logistics ltd., Ruchi infrastructure Ltd., Guru warehousing corporation, Paras warehousing and LTC commercial. i. Regional Imbalance The storage capacity in India is mainly concentrated towards production centres as indicated by the graph below: Only 22\% of total storage capacity is available in the major consumption states. Even some of the states have got storage capacities of less than one month of their requirement. While obvious factors like proximity to the major mandis in the state, differences in the quantities of food grain and pulses produced within the state, etc. are the major causes the regional imbalances, other key factors like the extent of interest and initiative shown by bank officials in promoting the concept of rural godowns to local entrepreneurs, publicity and awareness created about the scheme at the local level, etc. also played a major role behind these regional imbalances. In short, dominant producers of food grain and related agricultural products comprise the majority of godowns and storage capacity. 
\section[{ii. Gap between Required and Existing Storage Capacity}]{ii. Gap between Required and Existing Storage Capacity}\par
The Food Corporation of India (FCI) the central government agency responsible for procurement and storage of grain for the Public Distribution System (PDS) -has a storage capacity of 32 million tonnes, of which about half is hired. Hence, assuming that the FCI has hired all the capacity that is possible then the gap between FCI's existing capacity (32 million tonnes) and the required capacity (46 million tonnes) is about 14 million tonnes. Incidentally, in the 11 th five year plan, the FCI identified a gap of 16 million tonnes of capacity that needed to be created.\par
iii 
\section[{. Marketing Surplus, Storage Gap and Warehousing Demand}]{. Marketing Surplus, Storage Gap and Warehousing Demand}\par
The working group on agricultural marketing infrastructure of planning commission has estimated the marketing surplus and the warehousing demand as shown below From the above mentioned section it can be said that the food logistic chain in India needs huge investment in providing proper storage facilities. There is a huge gap in warehousing infrastructure facilities in country; the investment requirements are gigantic which could not be met by the public sector alone due to fiscal constraints and mounting liabilities of the Government. This calls for participation of private sector in coordination with the public sector to develop the public infrastructure facilities. In this direction, the government of India had initiated different schemes, eased FDI norms and promoting PPPs to pump more investments in warehouses in the country. 
\section[{d) Private Entrepreneurs Guarantee (PEG), 2008 Scheme}]{d) Private Entrepreneurs Guarantee (PEG), 2008 Scheme}\par
To meet the situation arising out of high procurement level of wheat and rice as a result of increase in Minimum Support Price (MSP) during last five years and to reduce the storage in Cover and Plinth (CAP), the Government of India formulated a scheme in 2008 for creation of additional storage capacity for foodgrains through private sector, The scheme is known as Private Entrepreneurs Guarantee Scheme (PEG-2008). Later, this scheme was extended to Decentralized Procuring (DCP) States in 2009.\par
The ceiling of rate fixed for hiring of godowns has been revised from Rs. 3.80 per quintal per month to Rs. 4.78 per quintal per month under the PEG scheme godowns. In appropriate cases, the High Level Committee (HLC) of the FCI has been empowered to decide higher rate by recording reasons in writing.\par
A state wise mapping of existing capacities and analysis of additional requirements was undertaken based on subjective criteria by State level committees and a High Level Committee of the Food Corporation of India (FCI). Under the scheme, the Food Corporation of India gives a guarantee of ten years to private parties for assured hiring.\par
For expeditious construction of godowns, it was decided that wherever CWC / SWCs have their own land and if this is within the identified locations and storage gap approved by High Level Committee of the FCI, the CWC / SWCs will construct godowns on priority for which FCI would give a guarantee of 9 years for storage charges.\par
So far, 121 lakh MT capacity has been completed, 93 lakh MT by the private entrepreneurs and 28 lakh MT by the CWC / SWCs. 
\section[{e) Public-Private Partnerships to Develop Agriculture Infrastructure}]{e) Public-Private Partnerships to Develop Agriculture Infrastructure}\par
The Public-Private Partnerships are viewed as the governance strategy to minimize transaction costs and co-ordinating and enforcing relations between partners engaged in production of goods and services. They enable an optimal policy approach to promote social and economic development, bringing together efficiency, flexibility and competence of the private sector with the accountability, long-term perspective and social interest of the public sector. Both the partners have mutual gains from such arrangements.\par
Public-private sector partnership (PPP) brings in synergy, mobilize resources, generate, validate and transfer technologies. Signs of progress in forging alliances among partners are seen in the last few years in some pockets, but such examples making systemwide impact are not many. The success stories have raised expectations, but a high-level policy statement unequivocally promoting PPP is still wanting. Further, there are still misperceptions between public and private sectors with regard to intentions, goals and credibility of achievements. And another problem is lack of accurate mapping of proprietary assets and responsibilities between these sectors for effective functioning. There should be appreciation and follow-up of best practices followed by public and private sectors with regard to business approach and skills, decision-making and operational procedures, connectivity with largest constituency farmers, traders and consumers, technology generation, interface with civil society organizations, response style and time and incentive. All these, if mutually imbibed and internalized, will add to run-away success of PPP.\par
i 
\section[{. Construction of Modern Warehousing Facilities (Silos) Through PPPs}]{. Construction of Modern Warehousing Facilities (Silos) Through PPPs}\par
As a part of the PEG scheme, efforts are being made for creating integrated modern warehousing capacities in the form of silos in the country. FCI has identified 11 sites for viability gap fund (VGF) based silos and preparing feasibility reports for approval of the Department of Economic Affairs. For meeting the capital expenditure on construction of these silos, the private entrepreneurs would be eligible for Viability gap funding (VGF), where land would be provided by FCI/State Governments. For storage of wheat in these silos, the developer will be entitled to receive a recurring service charge, provided he meets the required performance and maintenance standards. Where land is not available with FCI/Government, silos would be constructed in non-VGF mode.\par
During the 12th Plan period, the sub-scheme on AMI is being implemented with central assistance of Rs. 4000 crores for creating 4000 marketing infrastructure projects and storage capacity of 230 lakh tons. 
\section[{Global Journal of Management and Business Research}]{Global Journal of Management and Business Research}\par
Volume XV Issue XIII Version I Year ( ) 
\section[{A}]{A}\par
ii. Private Players Taking Initiatives to Develop Warehousing Infrastructure DHL Global Forwarding is planning to establish Free Trade Warehousing Zone (FTWZ) at Sriperumbudur near Chennai, with an investment of Rs 45 million to provide the advantages of a duty-free zone with highquality infrastructure. Arshiya International's 165 acre state-of-the-art Free Trade Warehousing Zone (FTWZ) at Panvel near Mumbai, is located near the container terminal of the Jawaharlal Nehru port Trust. It is expected to yield higher profits, lower costs and higher efficiency for its customers. The company plans to set up another five Free Trade Warehousing Zone (FTWZs), five district Parks and a 75-train pan-India rail charter with an investment of Rs 200 billion over the next five years.\par
Players like Star Agri that provide integrated post harvest management solutions, apart from providing warehousing services, Star Agri, which recently raised funding from IDFC PE, provides collateral management and other value added services (quality testing, agri insurance, bulk procurement and rural retailing) to its clients. Sohan Lal Commodity Management, which raised funding from Nexus and Mayfield and Shree Shubham Logistics are other comprehensive agri-logistics solutions players providing services across the spectrum. SV Agri that provides end-to-end solutions for the potato supply chain.\par
Other major players include, National Bulk Handling Corporation and National Collateral Management Service with such investments in infrastructure, global companies are increasingly looking at Indian markets as a source hub for their business requirement. According to the survey, about 15\% of the CEOs surveyed were looking forward to source their supplies from India, due to its cost-competitiveness.\par
iii. Encouraging Private Sector Participation Private sector participation would be sought and encouraged for development of infrastructure for the integrated bulk handling, storage and transportation through measures such as Build-Own-Operate-Transfer (BOOT), Build-Own-Lease-Transfer (BOLT), Build-Own-Operate (BOO), Lease -Develop-Operate (LDO), Joint Ventures etc. ii) Generation of funds through public issues by private enterprise. iii) Automatic approval for foreign direct Investment (FDI) up to 100\%. iv) Loans from financial institutions, NABARD, external commercial borrowings, etc. Integrated bulk grain handling, storage and transportation facilities to the tune of 5.5 lakh MTs have been created through private sector participation at the following locations: The project had been implemented in 36 months and it had become operational at all the locations and special wagons had also been procured by the DCO for bulk movement of wheat from base depots to field depots.\par
V. 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
The warehousing plays a vital role in promoting agricultural marketing, rural banking and financing and ensuring food security in the county. The paper highlighted the primary agricultural marketing infrastructure, insufficient storage capacity, warehousing gap and government of India initiative to bridge this gap, as much of the agricultural produce is getting spoiled due to inefficient storage facilities, overtime delivery and mismanagement. So much more is needed as India has huge potential for agricultural production, because it has a wide geographical range. More and more provisions must be made available to integrate the marketing systems for agriculture, which must be available all over the country.\par
To overcome inefficiencies in the distribution system, substantial investment may be required to be taken up in infrastructure like warehousing, storage facility, roads and railways connectivity. This would create substantial opportunity for the private sector also. Private sector intervention should be encouraged by soft loan facilities for construction of agricultural godowns at potential locations and provide subsidy and tax incentives to such entrepreneurs. Perhaps, such positive approach from the part of the planning commission and recommendations of the inter-ministerial committees of the Govt. may go a long way to narrow the gap between production and storage requirements and feed thousands of poverty ridden human population.\par
In recent years, public-private partnerships have been heavily promoted in the education, health, infrastructure, and community-development sectors in order to improve efficiency in the generation and There is a need for transparency and trust for mid-term review and for bilateral agreement for developing new technologies. Clear laws for transfer of technology and sabbatical provisions for scientists to work with industry need to be established. It would be appropriate to say that any partnership requires patience and trust to succeed. We are looking at the long-term benefits and it is very necessary to iron all creases at the first step itself. Regular inputs from both the parties and meetings would be an effective way to check any issue that would emerge at any stage.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Fig 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Fig 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}Global}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
i. Position of Agriculture Marketing Infrastructure\\
? One-fourth of the markets have common drying\\
yards, trader modules;\\
? Covered or open auction platforms exist in two third\\
of regulated markets;\\
? Trader modules, namely, shop, godown and\\
platform in front of shops exist in only 2/3rd of\\
regulated markets;\\
? Cold Storage units exist only in 9\% of markets;\\
? Grading facilities exist in less than 1/3rd of markets;\\
? Farmers' resting facilities 50\% of markets;\\
? Basic facilities like internal roads, boundary walls,\\
electric lights, loading and unloading facilities,\\
weighing equipments etc. not available in nearly\\
20\% markets;\\
? Inaccessibility to markets as markets are located far\\
from farms;\\
? Restriction on the sale of produce outside regulated\\
market yards in almost all the market reformed\\
States;\\
? Multiple intermediaries and exploitation by\\
middleman;\\
? Lack of cleaning, grading, electronic weighing and\\
quality certification facilities;\\
? Prevalence of multiple simultaneous auctions and\\
even undercover system of auction; and Electronic\\
auctioning present in very few markets\\
ii. Food Grains Rot Due To Insufficient Storage\\
Capacity\\
The problem of insufficient storage capacity has\\
attracted both political and media attention.\\
b) Post Harvest Losses\\
Food Wastage takes place at different stages\\
? Loss of production due to:\\
o Biotic \&\\
o Abiotic\\
? Post Harvest losses\\
o Lack of infrastructures \& scientific storage\\
o Lack of adequate processing facilities\\
? Excess production causing glut\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: o Low market prices not enough to meet harvesting, labour \& transportation costs Global Journal of Management and Business Research Volume XV Issue XIII Version I Year ( ) A]} 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.6223684210526316\textwidth}P{0.10394736842105262\textwidth}P{0.12368421052631577\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Accelerating Public Private Partnership in Agricultural Storage Infrastructure in India}\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Year 2015\\
Source: The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Study, 2010\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Volume XV Issue XIII Version I\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep ( ) A\\
S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Source: FCI's and CWC's portals and Department of Food and PD's Grain Bulletin, Oct.2014 Name of the organization / Sector Food Corporation of India (FCI) Central Warehousing Corporation (CWC) State Warehousing Corporations (SWCs) and State Civil Supplies Cooperative Sector Private Sector Total\tabcellsep Storage capacity (in million metric tonne) 38.34 10.30 34.84 15.07 18.97 117.52\tabcellsep Global Journal of Management and Business Research\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.3076190476190476\textwidth}P{0.5423809523809523\textwidth}}
Commodities\tabcellsep Quantity (in million MTs as on\\
\tabcellsep 1st June, 2014)\\
Rice\tabcellsep 20.645\\
Wheat\tabcellsep 41.586\\
Coarse grains\tabcellsep 1.189\\
Total\tabcellsep 63.42\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: Source: Food Corporation of India FCI"s portal]} 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.16679245283018868\textwidth}P{0.35924528301886793\textwidth}P{0.16839622641509436\textwidth}P{0.08018867924528303\textwidth}P{0.07537735849056604\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Accelerating Public Private Partnership in Agricultural Storage Infrastructure in India}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Year 2015\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Volume XV Issue XIII Version I\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep ( ) A\\
1 2 3 4 5 6 7\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Total marketable surplus of all major crops 130 Million MT Total marketable surplus of all major crops estimated to grow by the end of the 12th Plan Total storage capacity estimated Storage capacity to be created for FCI to meet TPDS requirement in 12th Plan Existing gap for meeting private commercial demand New demand in next five years Total warehousing gap}\tabcellsep 130 Million MT 150 Million MT 108 Million MT 15 Million MT 10 Million MT 10 Million MT 35 Million MT\tabcellsep Global Journal of Management and Business Research\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{The warehousing capacity gap arrived by the}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{about 8.0 million MT storage capacity has been added.}\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{planning commission has been used for calculation in}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{So now, the gap can be estimated to be at 27 million}\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{planning and construction of storage capacity by}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{MT. Also the Government position of keeping the large}\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{government departments / Ministries. Over the years,}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{stocks of procured foodgrains in warehouses for long}\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.2793981481481482\textwidth}P{0.16921296296296295\textwidth}P{0.25578703703703703\textwidth}P{0.14560185185185187\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Circuit 1}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Circuit 2}\\
Location\tabcellsep Storage Size (MTs)\tabcellsep Location\tabcellsep Storage Size (MTs)\\
Base Depot Moga\tabcellsep 200,000\tabcellsep Base Depot Kaithal\tabcellsep 200,000\\
Field Depots Chennai\tabcellsep 25,000\tabcellsep Field Depots Navi\tabcellsep 50,000\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Mumbai\tabcellsep \\
Coimbatore\tabcellsep 25,000\tabcellsep Hooghly\tabcellsep 25,000\\
Bangalore\tabcellsep 25,000\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: Source: Report of working group on warehousing development and regulation for the twelfth plan period ]} 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2015 Global Journals Inc. (US) 1} 			\footnote{© 20 15 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem[ Report of the Working Group on Consumer Affairs (2011)]{b14}\label{b14} 	 		\textit{},  	 	 		\textit{Report of the Working Group on Consumer Affairs}  		January, 2011.  	 
\bibitem[Singh ()]{b15}\label{b15} 	 		‘A decentralized and holistic approach for grain management in India’.  		 			P K Singh 		.  	 	 		\textit{Current science}  		2010. 99  (9)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Agri logistics/warehousing opportunities and challenges by BB Pattanaik, Managing Director]{b0}\label{b0} 	 		\textit{Agri logistics/warehousing opportunities and challenges by BB Pattanaik, Managing Director},  		Central Warehousing Corporation.  	 
\bibitem[Central warehousing corporation (CWC) (2013) annual reports retrieved from (www.cewacor.nic. in/Docs/annual report_12-13_101213.pdf)]{b1}\label{b1} 	 		\textit{Central warehousing corporation (CWC) (2013) annual reports retrieved from (www.cewacor.nic. in/Docs/annual report\textunderscore 12-13\textunderscore 101213.pdf)},  				 	 
\bibitem[Colombia -Unctad ()]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		 			Colombia -Unctad 		.  		\textit{review of warehouse receipt system and inventory credit initiatives in eastern \& southern Africa, final report commissioned by UNCTAD under the All ACP Agricultural Commodities Programme (AAACP)},  				2009.  	 
\bibitem[FCI admits 1.94 LMT food grain wasted between 2005-13 -The Hindu (2014)]{b3}\label{b3} 	 		\textit{FCI admits 1.94 LMT food grain wasted between 2005-13 -The Hindu},  				February 12. 2014 accessed on 30 September 2014.  	 
\bibitem[Final Report of Committee of State Ministers, Incharge of Agricultural Marketing to Promote Reforms, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture and Co-operation, Government of India (2013)]{b4}\label{b4} 	 		\textit{Final Report of Committee of State Ministers, Incharge of Agricultural Marketing to Promote Reforms, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture and Co-operation, Government of India},  		22nd January 2013.  	 
\bibitem[Grain is in bulk storage -A status report by Richa Sharma ()]{b5}\label{b5} 	 		\textit{Grain is in bulk storage -A status report by Richa Sharma},  				2014.  		 			National Institute of food technology entrepreneurship and management 		 	 
\bibitem[Performance audit report on storage management and movement of food grains in FCI -CAG report ()]{b6}\label{b6} 	 		\textit{Performance audit report on storage management and movement of food grains in FCI -CAG report},  		2013.  	 
\bibitem[Poverty estimate based on mixed recall, data.gov.in, an open government data platform accessed on 21 (2015)]{b7}\label{b7} 	 		\textit{Poverty estimate based on mixed recall, data.gov.in, an open government data platform accessed on 21},  		Jan 2015.  	 
\bibitem[Ramesh ()]{b8}\label{b8} 	 		‘Priorities and Constraints of Post-harvest Technology in India’.  		 			A Ramesh 		.  	 	 		\textit{Report of working group on warehousing development and regulation for the twelfth plan period (2012-17) by Planning Commission},  				 (Tokyo; GoI)  		1999. p. 37.  	 
\bibitem[Report of the Committee on Encouraging Investments in Supply Chains including Provision for Cold Storages for more efficient distribution of Farm Produce, Development Policy Division, Planning Commission, Government of India Report of the Working Group on Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure (2011)]{b13}\label{b13} 	 		‘Report of the Committee on Encouraging Investments in Supply Chains including Provision for Cold Storages for more efficient distribution of Farm Produce, Development Policy Division, Planning Commission, Government of India’.  	 	 		\textit{Report of the Working Group on Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure},  				 (New Delhi)  		December 2011. May 2012. 17.  	 	 (Secondary Agriculture and Policy required for Internal and External Trade, Agriculture Division, Planning Commission, Government of India) 
\bibitem[Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on Performance audit of storage management and movement of food grains in FCI ()]{b10}\label{b10} 	 		\textit{Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on Performance audit of storage management and movement of food grains in FCI},  		2013.  	 
\bibitem[Report of the Working Group on Warehouse Receipts & Commodity Futures (2005)]{b11}\label{b11} 	 		\textit{Report of the Working Group on Warehouse Receipts \& Commodity Futures},  				 (Reserve Bank of India, Mumbai)  		April 2005.  	 	 (Published by Department of Banking Operations and Development) 
\bibitem[Report of the Working Group on Warehousing Development and Regulation for the Twelfth Plan Period (2012-17), Planning Commission, Government of India (2011)]{b12}\label{b12} 	 		\textit{Report of the Working Group on Warehousing Development and Regulation for the Twelfth Plan Period (2012-17), Planning Commission, Government of India},  		October 2011.  	 
\bibitem[Report on excess food grains in the godowns of the FCI and State civil supplies corporations by Dr NC Saxena, Commissioner and Harsh Mander, Special Commissioner of the Supreme Court in the case: PUCL Vs UOI & ORS. Writ Petition (Civil) No.196 of Report of working group on warehousing development and regulation for the twelfth plan period (2001)]{b9}\label{b9} 	 		‘Report on excess food grains in the godowns of the FCI and State civil supplies corporations by Dr NC Saxena, Commissioner and Harsh Mander, Special Commissioner of the Supreme Court in the case: PUCL Vs UOI \& ORS. Writ Petition (Civil) No.196 of’.  	 	 		\textit{Report of working group on warehousing development and regulation for the twelfth plan period},  				2001dt 10 August 2010. 2012-17. October 2011. 12.  	 	 (GoI, Planning Commission) 
\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}
