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Pakistan A Survey of Local Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa} \author{}\makeatletter \makeatletter \newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{% \clearpage \if@twoside \ifodd\c@page \hbox{}\newpage \if@twocolumn \hbox{}\newpage \fi \fi \fi } \makeatother \makeatletter \thispagestyle{empty} \markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author} \renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@ \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@ \belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@ \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini \topsep 2\p@ plus1\p@ minus1\p@ \parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@ \itemsep 1pt} } \makeatother \fvset{frame=single,numberblanklines=false,xleftmargin=5mm,xrightmargin=5mm} \fancyhf{} \setlength{\headheight}{14pt} \fancyhead[LE]{\bfseries\leftmark} \fancyhead[RO]{\bfseries\rightmark} \fancyfoot[RO]{} \fancyfoot[CO]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[LO]{\TheID} \fancyfoot[LE]{} \fancyfoot[CE]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[RE]{\TheID} \hypersetup{citebordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,linkbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,urlbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,bookmarksnumbered=true} \fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}} \date{} \usepackage{authblk} \providecommand{\keywords}[1] { \footnotesize \textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1 } \usepackage{graphicx,xcolor} \definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81} \definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9} \definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70} \definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} \renewenvironment{abstract}{% \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space} }{% \vskip8pt \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt } \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \author[1]{Dr. Abdul Sattar Khan} \affil[1]{ Gomal University} \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 7 December 2013 Accepted: 31 December 2013 Published: 15 January 2014} \maketitle \begin{abstract} The Job satisfaction of district officers in Pakistan is affected by different factors like, Terrorism, political Instability, poverty and dysfunction of bureaucracy. There is uniqueness as well as differences in the perception of the officers about job satisfaction from situation to situation and from organization to organization. There are consensus among the researchers that job satisfaction increases employee?s productivity, commitment and Involvement and decreases absenteeism and turnover. This study is intended to pinpoint the causes, consequences of job satisfaction in developing state like; Pakistan. \end{abstract} \keywords{job satisfaction (js), district officers (do?s) factors of job satisfaction (fjs).} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \let\tabcellsep& \section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par ike developed countries, the developing world is also well aware of the importance attached with job satisfaction. Such studies are being managed in every developing state to manage the attitudes of their workforce in public as well as private sector organizations. Most of the studies aim at unearthing the nature, process and consequences of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. For example, in Nigeria research have been reported on 'burnout, job satisfaction and work situations' (Agunga et al., 1997); person-related variables of job satisfaction in public sector organizations and their impacts on the theory and practice of management in the developing countries \hyperref[b30]{(Tella et al., 2007)}.\par Likewise \hyperref[b24]{, Mulinge, (2000)} explored job satisfaction and organizational commitment in Kenya and \hyperref[b14]{Euan, (2007)} in Tanzania. Similarly, in Malaysia Saiyadain {\ref (1996)} have worked on the correlates of job satisfaction in Malaysian managers; {\ref Yusof \& Shamsuri (2006)} have documented their findings on organizational justice as the determinant of job satisfaction and organizational commitment; Wai, (2006) performed a quantitative analysis of the link between organizational culture and job satisfaction in Malaysian health care; while \hyperref[b27]{Rahman et al., (2006)} have recorded their results about the relationship between Islamic work ethics and organizational commitment. Other research findings are available about Singapore \hyperref[b20]{(Koh \& Ten, 1998;} {\ref Tan et al., 2007)}; Taiwan {\ref (Lee \& Lin, 1999;} {\ref Jiunn \& Wu, 2005)}; as well as India (Bhatt, 1997; \hyperref[b21]{Lacity \& Iyer, 2007)}.\par The researchers in the developing countries are exploring different aspects of job satisfaction in both public and private sector employees. For example, in Nigeria, Agunga et al., {\ref (1997)} explored burnout, job satisfaction and work situations as perceived by District Extension Officers while, \hyperref[b29]{Sokoya, (2000)} unearthed personal predictors of job satisfaction for the public sector managers and their implications for management practice and development in a developing economy. In Kenya, \hyperref[b24]{Mulinge, (2000)} worked on the 'Explanation of Cross-Sector Differences in Job satisfaction and Organizational Attachment among Agricultural Technicians.' Similarly, \hyperref[b31]{Tirmizi, et al., (2008)} measured the job satisfaction of white collar employees a) Public Sector Employees Due to the increasing role of public sector in the development of a developing country, efforts are underway to explore new models of professionalism by focusing on human resource development \hyperref[b29]{(Sokoya, 2000)}. However, public sector workers are usually shown to be lower in job satisfaction and organizational commitment relative to their counterparts in the private sector. Virtually all cross-sector comparative studies, however, have focused on work settings in relatively industrialized nations such as the United States and the developing nations remain understudied \hyperref[b24]{(Mulinge, 2000)}. For example, although Iranian government has made efforts to support formers and Agricultural Extension Officer, the evidence shows that they have not been enough. There is reporting of frustration, delays, lack of funding and differences of administrative and philosophical values \hyperref[b1]{(Asadi et al., 2008)}.\par Research shows that public sector managers had a lower level of job satisfaction with those of private sector employees \hyperref[b29]{(Sokoya, 2000)}. Based on the findings of a study, private sector employees are higher in mean job satisfaction, organizational commitment, \section[{Year ( )}]{Year ( )}\par A and intention to stay relative to their counterparts in public sector. This finding supports the study's first hypothesis that agricultural technicians working in the public and semi-public sectors are low in job satisfaction and organizational attachment relative to their counterparts in the private sector. Generally speaking, it is also consistent with the existing literature \hyperref[b24]{(Mulinge, 2000)}.\par There is growing evidence to suggest that employees are working harder, their workmanship has improved and that they take much pride in their work. Yet they seem to be less enthusiastic and less motivated. This study is an attempt to sensitize organizations to the factors that influence job satisfaction and help them to weave these factors into the blueprints prepared to enhance job satisfaction {\ref (Saiyadain, 1996)}. Due to global pressures, the public sector in developing countries is focusing on the investigation to strengthen the relationships between productivity and job satisfaction because success of any organization has been found dependent on the powerful linkages between productivity and job satisfaction of the workforce \hyperref[b29]{(Sokoya, 2000)}. The research tells that contextual factors and permanent/regular nature of the job are very significant determinants of job satisfaction and can produce higher levels of satisfaction among the human resource. Likewise, age of the employee and relations with supervisors and fellow workers also appear as the major catalysts in changing the satisfaction behavior of the employees \hyperref[b20]{(Koh \& Ten, 1998)}.\par People who are more internally oriented see themselves as being responsible for events that occur. Those who are more externally oriented attribute the cause of events to luck, chance, fate, or powerful others. In other words, people with an internal locus of control generally think that things happen because of their own choices and actions. Externals, on the other hand, generally perceive that factors outside of themselves are the reason that events happen in their lives. Internals are more likely to be more satisfied than externals for four reasons. First, internals are more likely to leave a dissatisfying job to seek positions that they find satisfying. Second, internals perform better and are therefore more likely to receive more satisfying outcomes. Third, internals are likely to be promoted and receive raises more quickly, again leading to the likelihood that they will receive more satisfying outcomes. Finally, internals are likely to stay in positions and organizations that gives them control which, in turn, allows them to experience a satisfaction of cognitive consistency between their psychological preferences and job experiences \hyperref[b10]{(Daniel et al., 1997)}.\par As far as the impacts of demographics on job satisfaction, is concerned, the researchers have come up with differing results. Like the dispositional variables, these control variables were not supported as independently causing the observed differences in satisfaction and attachment among agricultural technicians working in the public and private sectors. When these were analyzed alone, the private sector technicians still emerged to be higher in satisfaction, commitment, and intention to stay than their counterparts in both the public sector \hyperref[b24]{(Mulinge, 2000)}. While a research from Iran reports that low pay and unfair promotion policy are the major negative contributors to job satisfaction. The researchers did not find any relationship between job satisfaction and age and experience. Besides this, personal features (or demographics) of employees partially explains the variation in job satisfaction, meaning that rest of the change is due to other factors \hyperref[b1]{(Asadi et al., 2008)}.\par Researchers tell that commonly female are more satisfied than their male counterparts however, some studies also report otherwise. Few studies found a positive relationship between age and job satisfaction. An increase in education has generally been found to be inversely related to job satisfaction. Few studies were conducted to see the relationship between experiences of the employees, somewhere there is linear relationship was found {\ref (Saiyadain, 1996}\hyperref[b1]{\& Asadi et al., 2008)}. \section[{II.}]{II.} \section[{Literature Review a) Leading Concerns}]{Literature Review a) Leading Concerns}\par In the developing states the public sector plays a forefront role in economic development; the employment rate has been growing ghastly as compare to developed countries. It is the result of the strategic importance to the public sector in the economic development of many countries, there is a concerted effort to make public sector management respond to the changing needs of developing nations \hyperref[b29]{(Sokoya, 2000)}.\par The concepts of job satisfaction and organizational attachment are some of the most studied in industrial and organizational psychology and in the sociology of work and occupations \hyperref[b24]{(Mulinge, 2000)}. Current focus in public sector organizations of developing countries is on the relationship between the personal and job characteristics, and contextual factors of the workplace \hyperref[b29]{(Sokoya, 2000)}.\par Although the job satisfaction is a universal problem and both developed and developing countries are struggling to understand the issue and devise most effective measures to handles different issues of their employees' involvement, commitment, absenteeism, and turnover through creating and maintaining job satisfaction. However, due to environmental differences developing countries are having different concerns than the advanced world. Following are the leading issues of developing states with reference to job satisfaction of their employees: As the title shows that developing countries are not yet developed. So they have shortage of economic resources to meet their requirements. For example, their salary systems and structures are neither according to international standards nor based on the principles of equality. The employees work in the bad working environments with very poor facilities even to perform their jobs. The salaries are very low, work conditions are poor, merits are not observed in appointments and promotions and people are mentally disturbed due to multiple problems.\par ii. Corruption Developing countries have higher levels of public corruption. For example, there have been recent surveys by 'Transparency International' (Transparency International, 2010) about the levels and degrees of corruption in Pakistan. The government of Khyber Pakhtunkhawa (KPK) has been found the most corrupt government among all provinces of the country. This corruption has become the main source of job dissatisfaction particularly among the public servants of the province. Corruption happens in different styles, for example, at the time of appointment bribes are given to get 'highly paid' jobs. These highly paid jobs are actually the factories of corruption. So one who is appointed with corruption will definitely do corruption as a ritual. \section[{iii. Political Interference and Instability}]{iii. Political Interference and Instability}\par Another feature of the developing countries is the political interference in public administration and political instability resulting into the frequent change of governments from democratic to dictatorial and then otherwise. Under democratic governments, public servants are treated as the servants of politicians while dictators use them as their spearheads to rule the country. In Pakistan, for example, under democracy political appointments, transfers and promotions become commonplace. When there is martial law then all bureaucracy becomes servant of a single person. \section[{iv. Dysfunctions of Bureaucracy}]{iv. Dysfunctions of Bureaucracy}\par Most of the developing countries have remained the colonies of previous western powers (for example, British in Asia and France in Africa). Most of them still using the colonial models of bureaucracy with very nominal changes. Obviously, those bureaucratic models best suited the objectives of foreign powers but they can never be helpful to the local governors unless they think themselves as 'Desi-Goras'. This perception has created a so called 'Bureaucratic-Elites' who perceive themselves in the shows of their colonial lords. In Pakistan, for example, the so called elites try their level best to recruit (or promote or transfer) their own kids, relatives, friends and supporters on the important posts in any department or on any post with the chances of benefits other than legal ones. and analyze the job satisfaction of employees in both public and private sectors of Pakistan. Most of them used survey methods (with questionnaire and interview as data collection tools) to record the attitudes of job satisfaction and organizational commitment \hyperref[b5]{(Bodla \& Naeem, 2004)}; levels of job satisfaction \hyperref[b28]{(Shah \& Jalees, 2004)}; demographic impacts on organizational support and motivation \hyperref[b26]{(Qammar et al., 2006)}; organizational commitment {\ref (Chughtai \& Zafar, 2006)}; the relationship of performance appraisal with productivity and job satisfaction \hyperref[b19]{(Khan, 2006)}; determinants of organizational commitment among IT-Professionals \hyperref[b2]{(Bashir \& Ramay, 2008)}; and impacts of age, tenure on the job satisfaction of white collar employees in Pakistan \hyperref[b31]{(Tirmizi et al., 2008)}. \section[{a) Introduction}]{a) Introduction}\par Thousands of the published research articles and dissertations report that job satisfaction is related to performance, productivity, organizational commitment, retention and turnover of the employees \hyperref[b5]{(Bodla \& Naeem, 2004)}. Job satisfaction has been the focus of many researchers measuring employee commitment level, organizational turnover and absenteeism.\par Organizations want their employees to be satisfied to become more productive and efficient \hyperref[b28]{(Shah \& Jalees, 2004)}. \hyperref[b31]{Tirmizi et al., (2008)} tried to find out the relationship between the criteria of job satisfaction and age and tenure of white collar employees working in organizations operating in the area of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. It was found there exits a negative relationship between age, tenure and job satisfaction of white collar workers.\par Bashir \& Ramay (2008) explored the factors of organizational commitment among IT-Professionals in Pakistan. Research revealed that procedural justice, information sharing and work policies are the critical to lower turnover rates of the professionals. They prefer challenging work, advancement in their career. While, \hyperref[b5]{Bodla \& Naeem (2004)} explored the 'Motivator and Hygiene Factors Explaining Overall Job Satisfaction among Pharmaceutical Sales Representatives' and found female sales representatives are somewhat more satisfied with overall job than male counterparts. Master degree holders are more satisfied with job than graduate degree holders. Married individuals are somewhat more satisfied with job than unmarried individuals. Those employees with more than five years are more satisfied with job than those with less than five years experience. Older sales representatives are more satisfied with job than younger counterparts. Junior employees are more satisfied with job than senior counterparts. \section[{III.}]{III.} \section[{Job Satisfaction in Pakistan}]{Job Satisfaction in Pakistan}\par In Pakistan, a diversity of research projects has been conducted and the same continues to measure {\ref Chughtai \& Zafar (2006)} conducted a study for determining whether personal attributes of the employee, factors of job satisfaction and organizational justice determine the change in the teachers' commitment working in Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Peshawar and Lahore. They found that the demographic attributes like education, age, marital status, tenure and belief in organization are criterion variables to define job satisfaction and commitment. \section[{b) Major Problems of Job Satisfaction in the Country}]{b) Major Problems of Job Satisfaction in the Country}\par Job satisfaction is a measure of the balance between expectations and outcomes because organization is a social system where every participant benefits including employees and customers \hyperref[b19]{(Khan, 2006)}. Job satisfaction represents attitude rather than a behavior. Job satisfaction is taken as dependent variable because of two reasons. First, is its demonstrated relationship to performance factors and, second is the value preferences held by organizational behavior researchers \hyperref[b31]{(Tirmizi et al., 2008)}. Researchers have confirmed the relationship between job satisfaction and personal characteristics of the employees like university teachers \hyperref[b7]{(Chughtai \& Zafar, 2009)}. The empirical data about the human resources in Pakistan gives the impression that as more resources are becoming available, the income is climbing up, the country is passing through a second phase of demographic change (Economic Survey, 2006-07). This evidence shows that the overall economy of Pakistan is on the rise which will certainly create more jobs in the country. This will invite more researchers to evaluate and analyze the phenomenon of job satisfaction in the country \hyperref[b31]{(Tirmizi et al., 2008)}. There are reports that the number of female workers is increasing in Pakistani organizations in both public and private sector however, it is still a bare fact that males are obviously larger in number therefore they dominate \hyperref[b2]{(Bashir \& Ramay, 2008)}. \section[{c) The Problems of Job Satisfaction in Local Government i. Political Disturbance in the Country}]{c) The Problems of Job Satisfaction in Local Government i. Political Disturbance in the Country}\par Pakistan has been passing through different types of political systems of dictatorship (Martial law) and Democracy. Most of the period characterized by dictatorial rules. Even the democracies have been nominal in the sense that democratic rulers wanted to stay in power for the prescribed period without giving any performance and services to their voters. Most of the democratic governments were dismissed by dictators on the charges of 'Corruption' and 'Maladministration.' These crises have seriously affected the public servants including those working at the local government levels. \section[{ii. Frequent Changes in the Local Government Systems}]{ii. Frequent Changes in the Local Government Systems}\par Another problem is special to the District Officers in Pakistan are the continuous changes in the local government structures and operations over history of the country. Three local government systems have been introduced in the country during her lifetime of over sixty years. Unfortunately, all of these systems were introduced by dictators or Martial law administrators therefore none of the political parties like them however, this is not the reason for the failure of any systems. There are several other problems which are making local government systems a constant failure in the country, for example:\par 1. The political heads of the local government system are considered as a threat to the provincial political powers because distribution of powers between provincial and districts governments are not clear in the legislation of the system. 2. There is a struggle for power between local bureaucrats and the political executives of the district. There are reports that political and bureaucratic disputes are rampant in all the district governments of not Khyber Pakhtunkhawa rather whole country. 3. The political heads of the district are not clear about their duties and functions. This makes the situation very disturbing for the government officers like District officers (DO's) and other provincial bureaucracy. Corrupt officers 'fish in the troubled water' and use things in their own favor but good officers become confused and don't understand whether to listen to their organizational heads or political governors. \section[{iii. Lack of Coordination between Political and Government Officers}]{iii. Lack of Coordination between Political and Government Officers}\par Linked with the preceding point, there is no coordination system to bring the political and government workforces together into a single structure of local government for the area. This situation has created misunderstanding and confusions between district government and the bureaucrats. These disputes mostly convert into conflicts between different authorities which ultimately distort the work environment of local officers from both political and government domains. \section[{iv. Problems of General Public}]{iv. Problems of General Public}\par If the political and bureaucratic officers are confused about the system then what can be expected from the general public. Every local government system in the country has tried to bring citizens involved in the affairs of local government so that they could be made accountable. The systems suggested several structures (like citizen community boards -CCBs) wherein citizens \section[{v. Terrorism}]{v. Terrorism}\par For the last more than two decades (since the beginning of Afghan war), the whole region is in the fire of terrorism. People are using religion, language, culture, ethnicity and many other social attributes as the basis of achieving their ulterior objectives. Pakistan is playing a frontline role in the so called 'war against terror' but this is appearing very expensive particularly for the common people. Today insecurity has gone to the peaks. Every citizen is vulnerable to the terrorist attacks anywhere including roads, streets, markets, parks and even 'mosques.' Terrorism is damaging every citizen, private and public employees and even the rulers of the country.\par IV. \section[{Discussion on Global Job Satisfaction}]{Discussion on Global Job Satisfaction}\par Job satisfaction can be defined as the degree of feeling about the job and a kind of affective/emotional reaction to the working conditions/context of the job. Individuals at their early stages of employment usually experience low job satisfaction due to unfulfilled expectations. The employees when advanced in their careers gain maturity and work experience, which lead them to a more realistic level of expectations from their job \hyperref[b31]{(Tirmizi et al., 2008)}. \section[{a) Common Issues}]{a) Common Issues}\par The concept of globalization in itself hints about the existence of common issues of the world states. The world community is increasingly becoming a global village with common interests, objectives, resources and thus common issues and problems. The citizens of a country are also the world-citizens as a member of world community. Thus, both the developed and developing countries have common problems as well as unique issues to handle. Similarly, job satisfaction of the workforce is a universal issue which is affected by both the national/local and international factors \hyperref[b25]{(Perry et al., 2006)}.\par There are common as well as unique factors of job satisfaction. Work, pay, supervision, promotion, environment and co-workers are the universally tested variables as the determinants of job satisfaction of any type of employees in any organization working anywhere in the world. There are differences about the number of these factors of job satisfaction (De Vaney \& Chen, 2003). In the developed world several other factors are also included in the questionnaires about the job satisfaction while in the developing states six basic factors are mostly used to measure the attitude. Following are the leading common issues for the developed and developing states with regard to the job satisfaction of their workforce:\par 1. Job satisfaction is a globally common issue therefore all the countries have to give equal attention to the problem. Every organization working in any country has to constantly measure the levels of job satisfaction in their workforce because research have confirmed that high performance, productivity, involvement and commitment all depends on the degree of job satisfaction. 2. All the basic factors of job satisfaction (work, pay, supervision, promotion, environment and coworkers) are commonly used as the primary measures of job satisfaction throughout the world \hyperref[b13]{(Ellickson \& Logsdon, 2001}). 3. All the theories of motivation and job satisfaction are common to all the organizations in understanding, measuring and analyzing the degree and levels of job satisfaction among their employees. Content theories are used to understand and control the job satisfaction problems of physical workers while to manage job satisfaction of officers and knowledge workers, process models are most popularly applied in both advanced and developing countries. 4. Personality characteristics are constantly reported as the dominant factor in determining the job satisfaction of employees. Thus, the role of personality dimensions is common in all studies conducted either in developed or developing world \hyperref[b29]{(Sokoya, 2000)}. Besides the common concerns of job satisfaction, the developing states have to handle multiple issues which are unique to their own environment. For example, there is big gap of resources between the poor and advanced countries so it is not possible for the developing countries to provide same type of facilities to their employees as they get in the rich world. Developing states exist on the other side of 'Divide'. Whether it is 'economic-divide', politicalisolation or digital-divide -the developing states are struggling to abridge this distance within their limited resources. Following is a list of the unique problems faced by the developing states in handling the job satisfaction of their employees:\par 1. There is lack of economic resources in the developing world. They are not free in providing sufficient resources to even simply manage their organizations at the basic level of operations. They give limited pay, below standard work facilities and environment and employees are constantly in a diversity of problems with reference to their job, pay, supervision, promotion, environment and coworkers. Thus, lack of resources is a big issue for the developing states which hinders in human resource management and development. 2. The problems of over population, low levels of literacy, political instability, and no or very slow growth rates are the unique problems for the developing nations which further aggravate the problems of job satisfaction in both the private and public sector organizations. 3. Western countries characterize individualism and autonomy while in the Asian context; collectivism and harmony are more prevalent \hyperref[b34]{(Williams \& Sandler, 1995)}. Every employee is not supposed to take care of himself rather a big family of dependents, which definitely changes the satisfaction levels and degrees of every employee working either in public or private sector. For example, {\ref Chughtai (2008)} notes that Pakistan can be considered as similar to China in terms their score on collectivism as well as power distance. 4. Qualification or education of employees plays dominant role in the developing world. People with higher education and particularly those with foreign qualification have differences with their counterparts. For example, foreign-returns and highly qualified workers are less satisfied than the others \hyperref[b29]{(Sokoya, 2000)}. The problem is that these 'foreign-returns' start expecting the behavior of advanced countries in their own state forgetting that developing countries have their own resources and systems therefore have unique problems. The job satisfaction in the developing country must be analyzed in the perspective of native threats and opportunities. 5. Though demographic impacts are common to all countries however, the degree and intensity of their impact varies from advanced to less advanced states. In the developing nations, illiteracy changes the whole demographics of the communities. Thus, the advanced countries have less demographic differences than the poor world \hyperref[b23]{(Moynihan \& Pandey, 2007)}. Due to lack of education, people are classified according to more demographic attributes than in the educated societies. In the developing countries, societies are strictly divided into groups based on language, color, race, economic status, religious sects and many other criteria. 6. Although six basic factors of satisfaction are similar to all the organizations and countries however, advanced states have moved up in the hierarchy of needs while poor nations are still struggling to handle traditional factors of job satisfaction. For example, pay is still a big issue in the developing world while rich states are working beyond pay at the social and psychological requirements of their employees \hyperref[b9]{(Crossman \& Abou-Zaki, 2003)}. Since developing states are economically weak therefore they cannot raise their pay levels at par with the advanced countries. Every year government declares an increase in pay which is always less than the price index therefore the impacts are either nominal or marginalized by the increasing prices in comparison to additions in pay. 7. In the countries like Pakistan, the organizational rules and regulations and their implementation is yet not that much mature as it exits in the developed countries. Merit is not so much appreciated therefore promotions are still affected by corruption, nepotism and favoritism. Such practices make the personnel management a unique problem thereby requiring different treatment than the rich countries. The books and news papers have long been discussing bureaucratic problems of red-tapism, formalism, secretive-administration, and politicization of bureaucracy. 8. The reward systems in the developing courtiers are not compatible with the environment. There are several structures for this purpose. Government says something while practically something else happens. 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