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\title{Synthesis on Push Pull Dichotomy and its Resulting Impact on Tourism Trends}
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             \author[1]{B. Bhargava  Teja}

             \affil[1]{  Dr. B.R Ambedkar University Hyderabad, India.}

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\date{\small \em Received: 14 December 2012 Accepted: 3 January 2013 Published: 15 January 2013}

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\begin{abstract}
        


The dichotomy rallying behind the concepts of push and pull dimensions in the tourism paradigm with their underlying formulations are systematically analyzed. The factors relating to various forces that are motivating the tourist for travelling to different destinations are investigated along with role and influence of the cognitive mind by probing into traditional scriptures followed by systematic field surveys. The results of these studies indicated that motive motivation construct is corresponding to the Maslow's hierarchy of needs tending towards actualization of travel experiences.The travel path from origin based push factors along with those forces which are pulling a tourist to the destination is conceptualized by design and development of a double engine locomotive resulting in dual stimulus curve. This stimulus is studied by analyzing the foreign and domestic tourist data that are found to be corresponding to the personal place bond and nationality for a given cultural context which explained tourism trends. Contrary to the popular belief in tourism literature, the present findings go on to show that both the organs-of-perception and organs-of-activity are to be in unison without any dissonance for realizing the maximum travel experiences.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{stimulation, cognition, emotion, mind, push pull engine.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
ourism is a human activity \hyperref[b22]{(Holloway and Taylor 2006)} depending on the motive force within a person that arises from the urge of an individual towards the travel. Motives are quoted to be latent needs \hyperref[b21]{(Heckhausen 1989}) to do things in order to achieve something whereas motivations are stated to be some kind of internal drive \hyperref[b20]{(Harmer, 2001)} which pushes someone by internally generated needs. \hyperref[b34]{Moutinho(1987)} earlier observed that push factors indicate a state of need that exerts on the individual which are likely to bring satisfaction while actualizing these needs. Further \hyperref[b30]{Maslow(1954)} hierarchy of needs which is the most applied \hyperref[b32]{(Mayo \& Jarvis, 1981)} in the tourism literature observed that these push factors are originating from human motivation for satisfying physiological and psychological needs hierarchically towards their actualization. These motivational needs are said to arise (Malay Biswas 2008) from the over-stimulation or understimulation in the mind for engaging in tourism activity for reducing the dissonance or disequilibrium \hyperref[b25]{(Kim, Lee, \& Klenosky, 2003}) in the mental system. Tourism motivations are attributed to be push and pull factors (Bashar Aref and Mat Som 2010) where people are pushed by their own internally generated needs who are in turn pulled towards the attractiveness of a destination. These destinations are observed to be possessed with an amalgam of tourism products, facilities \hyperref[b6]{(Cooper et al 2005)} and services in the geographical component of a tourism system. While analyzing the tourist sites, \hyperref[b8]{Crompton (1979)} classic study brought out seven socio-psychological push motives and two cultural pull motives for embarking upon recreational tour. Later  {\ref David Weaver (2000)} reclassified these motives into five push factors and nine pull factors while commenting on the very nature of the push pull nomenclature. But \hyperref[b41]{Snepenger et al (2006)} opined that by visualizing these two factors as two separate push and pull entities may satisfy the statistical purpose and serve for an occasion. Therefore these classifications resulted in analyzing these factors as two separate constructs or two related entities or one preceding \hyperref[b9]{(Dann, 1977)} the other. Further it is found that the cognitive counterpart is ill-defined (Gnoth 1997) in recreation studies while emotive forces at the destination is well defined.\par
But several investigators from different fields \hyperref[b7]{(Cohen 1972;}\hyperref[b38]{Plog 1974;} {\ref Iso Aloha 1982}\hyperref[b16]{, Gnoth 1997)} have attempted to identify the basic motive behind motive motivation construct in a tourism paradigm. During the process it is found, the motive nature of a mind has a tendency to repeat its own emotive thoughts \hyperref[b18]{(Gollwitzer, Heckhausen \& Steller, 1990}) by virtue of its cognitive power which can perceive well in advance various attractions at the destination. Atkinson (1997) later confirmed the above mechanisms can be understood from the comprehensive meaning of the mind that perceives, thinks, feels, wills and desires with its intellect. Since tourism paradigm is related to human beings and human nature, it is observed to be complex proposition \hyperref[b49]{(Yoon and Uysal 2005)} to investigate why people travel and what they need to enjoy despite all these formulations and classifications.\par
Therefore the motive motivation construct is corresponding to push and pull factors depending on the cognitive and emotive forces of the mind in making a decision to travel to a destination. Various elements involved in the push pull milieu are systematically codified and presented in the Table \hyperref[tab_0]{1} for further analysis. The analysis of the above table readily explains those push and pull forces which corresponding to the motive motivation gesalt engineered by the mind for motivating a person to engage in a travel activity.\par
Therefore these forces that are acting on the mind of a tourist starting from the origin to the destination are schematically modeled by designing a double engine locomotive and presented in Figure \hyperref[fig_0]{1}. The push pull engine triggered by the emotive thoughts moves from the origin towards the mind where it weighs all travel choices and options along with their pros and cons for getting signalling the mind for the onward move of a tourist towards the destination. During the process, titrations would take place between the cognitive and emotive reagents in the mind to release the stimulus energy for deciding whether to accelerate or withdraw from the travel path. It can be observed from the Figure that the dualism of the mind in the person is schematically presented at the center of the stimulus path looking on either side of the origin and destination. It can be further visualized that the mind acts as a facilitator with its emotive thoughts on every move of stimulus path to pull a person towards the destination. Thus the dual stimulus path is arising from push and pull forces formed in the S type curve in a slanting position involving both the stimulus which will be henceforth called as a '2S Curve'.\par
However it is observed from the Western literature \hyperref[b12]{(Dumazedier 1967;}\hyperref[b28]{Krippendorf 1987;}\hyperref[b35]{Parker 1983}) free time and holidays in leisure studies are inevitably connected to the concept of self-actualization or self-realization. Further it is observed the usage of self-actualization is in synonymous with self-realization for tourism paradigm. These self-concepts and their synonymous usages prompted the author to probe into traditional Indian scriptures.  
\section[{Global Journal of Management and Business}]{Global Journal of Management and Business} 
\section[{Traditional Revelations behind Push Pull Mechanisms}]{Traditional Revelations behind Push Pull Mechanisms}\par
As per the ancient Indian scriptures every human being possesses two bodies on material plane, one is the physical gross body and the other the imaginary subtle body within the gross body where the mind is perceiving with its intellect. Further these scriptures stated the mind is internal to the vital energy which acts as a motive power for the gross and subtle body. These three dimensions of the being i.e., mind, body and the energy are not isolated from each other and together form the total individual person as elucidated in the following verse.\par
Gnanendriya Panchaka , Karmendriya Panchaka, Pranaadi Panchaka, Samyuktham Jayathe Vedanta Paribhasha, 7-3\par
The above verse clarifies that the gross body comprises of a set of five elements known as the organs-of-activity while the subtle body comprises of another set of five elements known as organs-ofperception which are activated by the vital energy that composes of five gaseous elements.\par
The organs of action are denoted in the scriptures to be made up of Vocal cord (vak), hands (pani), feet (pada), genitals (upastha) and anus (payu). In a similar way the organs-of-perception which facilitates different perceptive functions of the gross body are skin (Thwak), eye (chakshu), ears (srothra), tongue (jihwa), nose (ghrana). The same has been denoted in the following verse of the scripture.\par
Thwak Chakshu Srothra Jihwa Ghrana Vaak Paani Pada Payu Upastha Vedanta Paribhasha, 7-3 However, the mind which is driven by the intellect is always under the influence of external objects in the physical world. Hence organs-of-perception arouse the emotive thoughts by virtue of cognitive power of the mind for inducing the organs-of-action towards an activity. This is described in the following verse. mamaivaamsho jeevaloke jeevabhootah sanaatanah; manah shashthaaneendriyaani prakritisthaani karshati Bhagavad Gita, 15-7 Further these cognitive attributes of the mind found to be involving three characteristics (Bhargava Teja 2011) namely satwa(serenity) rajas(source of desire) tamas(ignorance) which are responsible for letting lose the flood of stimuli in the mind by the attractive objects in the physical world. As a result of varying proportions of these three tendencies, the inner equipoise and serenity in the mental pool starts getting disturbed as described in the following verse. trai-gunya-vishaya veda nistrai-gunyo bhavarjuna nirdvandvo nitya-sattva-stho niryoga-kshema atmavan Bhagavad Gita, 2-45\par
However the disequilibrium in the mental system can be avoided for excelling oneself in any activity with the concerted effort of organs-of-perception led by the mind which is more specifically described in the following verse.\par
Yastvin-driyani manasa niyamya-rabhate'rjuna Karmen-DriyaihKarma-Yogana-Saktah Sa Visisyate Bhagavad Gita, 3-7\par
Towards such an action the traditional scriptures prescribed a twofold path with each one acting complimentary to another for achieving the state of equilibrium without any dissonance as denoted in the following verse.\par
Loke'smin dwividhaa nishthaa puraa proktaa mayaanagha Jnaanayogena saankhyaanaam karmayogena yoginaam Bhagavad Gita 3-3\par
It is further clarified in this scripture that these two paths are driven by the mind with its intellect in coordinating both organs-of-perception and organs-ofaction simultaneously and synchronously. Though these declarations are found to be corresponding with modern tourism literature \hyperref[b44]{(Tasci \& Gartner, 2007;}\hyperref[b50]{Young, 1999)} relating to social construct, but its cultural counterpart is observed to be an area of neglect. More specifically the personal place bond \hyperref[b43]{(Shumaker \& Taylor, 1983}) and the nationality \hyperref[b40]{(Saarinen, 2004)} relating to the cultural context are also observed to be under explored. Therefore systematic field surveys are carried out by selecting a typical tourist destination for particularly validating the cultural context by analyzing the nature and behaviour of tourist choices and preferences towards particular destination along with their polarizations. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Push Pull Milieu and its Impact on Tourism Trends}]{Push Pull Milieu and its Impact on Tourism Trends}\par
The selected destination is the state of Andhra Pradesh (AP) which is acclaimed as the Kohinoor of India showcasing all the attractions of the India that are naturally gifted to this ancient land. The state is seated on a plateau resting over one of the oldest rock formations of millions of years old in the World. With a unique blend of ancient and modern cultures coupled with splendor, beauty and distinct geography is gifted with longest coastal line. It provides pristine beaches with silver sands and golden sunshine covering nine of the 23 districts with equal access. Hence the destination is known to be the tourism paradise (Bhargava Teja  Accordingly the data pertaining to foreign and domestic tourists visiting to all these attractions is systematically investigated. Simultaneously the data pertaining to major tourist attractions are surveyed in all over the states for validating the observed trends in the state of A.P. It is found during the analysis that the majority of the tourists are drawn to over eleven districts of A.P whereas seven Indian states are attracting maximum number of foreign tourists with their unique features and their attributes. Hence the data pertaining to all these top destinations in the state as well as in the entire India are codified and presented in Table  {\ref 3} a \& b. It can be observed from the Table  {\ref 3} a \& b that 90 \% of the domestic tourists are indicating their choices and preferences by their presence around religious destinations. On the contrary it is found that presence of foreign nationals is meager at these destinations. On the other hand, it is observed that over 80 \% of foreign tourists are leaning towards World heritage sites (UNESCO 1972) and archeological circles which are spread over all through India. Further it is found that the majority of the foreign tourists are preferring Buddhist circuits from among the historical sites by showing their presence in large numbers. These polarizations and trends are schematically represented by the design and development of conceptual diagram which is presented in Figure \hyperref[fig_3]{3}. IV. 
\section[{Conclusions}]{Conclusions}\par
The perceptional dichotomy prevailing among various researchers while analyzing push pull factors and their underlying mechanisms have led the consideration of these two factors as to different entities. These ambiguities prompted the author for analyzing the role of the cognitive mind by probing into the traditional scriptures followed by their validation through an analytical data derived from the field surveys. The results of these studies revealed that the genesis of both push and pull factors are originating from a single source, the mind and hence these two factors needs to be considered as a single integrated entity. Further, the analysis of these studies is goes on to show that these push pull motives are being coordinated by the vital energy of the mind simultaneously and synchronously without any disequilibrium or dissonance for excelling in tourism activities.\par
The tourist polarizations and their trends are conceptualized through a design and development of double engine locomotive by demonstrating origin related sensuous drives and destination based emotive attributes which have resulted in dual stimulation 'S' curve. These impacts are schematically presented in the form of an open book for vividly demonstrating three dimensional human body which is interfaced by the mind. The analysis of these entire investigations revealed that personal place bond has a decisive role in choosing either a temple or Buddhist circuit by domestic or foreign tourists respectively. Further these findings indicate that both the foreign and domestic tourists are showing their lesser preferences to other attractions which are closely located to the preferred destinations.\par
V.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Figure 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}G}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}G}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}Figure 3 :}\end{figure}
  \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.10983896307934014\textwidth}P{0.10382953652788689\textwidth}P{0.5665553809897879\textwidth}P{0.06977611940298507\textwidth}}
S No \& Driving Factors\tabcellsep Proposed Author and Year\tabcellsep Concept and Contents\tabcellsep Notions for the Drive\\
I. Motive\tabcellsep Gray (1970)\tabcellsep Destination choice based on Wanderlust and Sunlust\tabcellsep \\
Latent Need\tabcellsep Iso Ahola (1982)\tabcellsep Escape and seeking for pleasure\tabcellsep \\
(Heckausen 1983)\tabcellsep Baloglu \& Uysal (1996)\tabcellsep Differences in the demographic characteristics such as age, gender, marital status, income and education\tabcellsep Reason\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Hierarchy Theory of Motivation: Physiological\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Maslow (1970)\tabcellsep needs followed by higher levels of psychological needs and the need for self-\tabcellsep \\
II. Motivation Process towards fulfillment\tabcellsep Iso Ahola (1983) Harmer (2001) Geen, Beatty \& Arkin\tabcellsep actualisation Triggered by seeking (intrinsic rewards) and escaping (routine/familiar environments) Some kind of internal drive which pushes someone to do things Inferred intra-personal process that directs,\tabcellsep Elicit control and sustains certain behaviour\\
\tabcellsep (1984)\tabcellsep activates and maintains behaviour\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Categorisation into anomie desire to transcend\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Dann (1977)\tabcellsep the feeling of isolation and ego-enhancement\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep recognition conferred by travel\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Categorisation into four domains, i.e. family\tabcellsep \\
III. Push Factors: Drives the Mind at origin\tabcellsep Kim et al. (2003)\tabcellsep togetherness and study, natural resources and health, escaping from everyday routine, and adventure and friendship building Market or Origin-based forces (Demand side) Push Factors:\tabcellsep Sense organs\\
\tabcellsep Weaver (2000)\tabcellsep Economic factors, Social factors,\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Demographic factors, Technological factors,\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Political factors\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Product or Destination-based forces (Supply\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Side)Pull Factors:\tabcellsep \\
IV. Pull Factors : Drives the Body towards destination\tabcellsep Weaver (2000)\tabcellsep Geographical proximity to markets, Accessibility to markets, Availability of attractions, Cultural links, Availability of\tabcellsep Action organs\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep services, Affordability, Peace and stability,\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Positive market image, Pro-tourism policies\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Tourist motive as a force based on\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Crompton (1979)\tabcellsep seven socio-psychological and two cultural\tabcellsep \\
V. Push and Pull :\tabcellsep \tabcellsep motives\tabcellsep Decision\\
Synthesis of Mind\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Push factors are those which drive a\tabcellsep making or\\
\tabcellsep Uysal \& Jurowski\tabcellsep tourist to travel and Pull factors are those\tabcellsep Destination\\
\tabcellsep (1994)\tabcellsep which draw the tourist towards the\tabcellsep choice\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep destination's attractions\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Murray (1938)\tabcellsep Dichotomy Model relating to Need and Press\tabcellsep \\
VI. Mind Weighs emotion versus expectation\tabcellsep Sir W. Hamilton (Atkinson 1997) Neulinger (1979)\tabcellsep Feels, thinks, perceives, wills, desires Freedom of the state of mind to perform any activity\tabcellsep Perceives, Thinks, Feels, Wills, Desires\\
\tabcellsep Weaver (2000)\tabcellsep Destination region is a geographical\tabcellsep \\
VII. Destination\tabcellsep \tabcellsep component of tourism system\tabcellsep Some form\\
A place where the\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep of actual or\\
happening is\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep perceived\\
destined\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep boundary\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
2013\\
ear\\
Y\\
Volume XIII Issue VI Version I\\
( )\\
Global Journal of Management and Business Research\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: G]} 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 .}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.003281853281853282\textwidth}P{0.022504136789851074\textwidth}P{0.12283507997793712\textwidth}P{0.28974076116933256\textwidth}P{0.3347490347490347\textwidth}P{0.07688913403199117\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{2}{l}{S.No}\tabcellsep Types of Tourism\tabcellsep Location\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Unique Features\\
I\tabcellsep i.\tabcellsep Natural Tourism Topography: ? Mountains,\tabcellsep Eastern Ghats\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Long stretch of Watershed mountains in the east coast}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep ? Valleys\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Araku valley (Visakhapatnam) Ethnic tribal and folk culture nestling}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{n the verdant hills}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep ? Caves\tabcellsep Borra caves (Visakhapatnam),\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{One million year old caves}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep ? Beaches\tabcellsep Vodarevu (Ongole), Bheemili,\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Glittering wide sand banks with}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Rishikonda (Visakhapatnam)\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{highly mesmerizing locations}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{ii. Hydrology:}\tabcellsep Talakona (Chittor),\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Enchanting locations for enjoying the}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep ? Waterfalls\tabcellsep Kuntala (Adilabad)\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{nature's beauty}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep ? Lakes\tabcellsep Kolleru (Krishna) and Pulicot\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep (Nellore)\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep ? Islands\tabcellsep Bhavani (Vijayawada)\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Second largest river island in India}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{iii. Wildlife}\tabcellsep Nelapattu bird Sanctuary\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep (Nellore),\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Tiger Reserve (Srisailam)\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{iv. Vegetation}\tabcellsep Nalla malla forests (Kurnool)\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{The largest stretch of undisturbed}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{deciduous forest in South India.}\\
II\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Cultural Tourism\tabcellsep \tabcellsep ?\tabcellsep Built in 1143 A.D standing on\\
\tabcellsep i.\tabcellsep Historical:\tabcellsep Golconda (Hyderabad) ,\tabcellsep \tabcellsep isolated granite\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep ? Forts\tabcellsep Bhongiri, Kondapalli,\tabcellsep \tabcellsep hill protected by nature made girdle\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Warangal\tabcellsep \tabcellsep of tall hills.\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Awe and wonders as stand out as a\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep testimony of vestiges\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep ? Buddhist\tabcellsep Amarvathi (Guntur),\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Most important of Buddhist circuit came}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep circuits\tabcellsep (Visakhapatnam), Totla\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{in during life time of Buddha i.e., 2 nd}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Konda, Baavakonda,\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Century BC}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Nagarjunakonda\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep ? Museums\tabcellsep Salar Jung Museum\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{One-man antique collection dating back}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep (Hyderabad)\tabcellsep to\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{1 st century A.D from all over the world.}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Religious :\tabcellsep Balaji Temple (Tirupati)\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{The most visited place of worship in the}\\
\tabcellsep ii.\tabcellsep ? Temple\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{world}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep ? Jain Temple\tabcellsep Kolanupaka (Warangal)\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{2000 years old, having 1.5 meters high}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{image of Mahavira}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep ? Mosques\tabcellsep Mecca Mosque (Hyderabad)\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Built in 1694 A.D which can}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{accommodate}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{10,000 people at a time.}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep ? Church\tabcellsep Medak Church (Medak)\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{World's Second Largest Diocese}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{? Spiritual Centre Puttaparthi (Anantapur),}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Renowned spiritual centers of the world.}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Chinnajeer(Vijayawada),\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: ?Kolleru is the largest fresh water lake in India?Pulicat is the second largest brackish salt water lagoon and also a Ramsar site.? The largest Pelicanary in South East Asia with more than 1500 Pelicans ? Largest Tiger reserve in India ?]} 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3a} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.05525\textwidth}P{0.05707142857142857\textwidth}P{0.08864285714285715\textwidth}P{0.31389285714285714\textwidth}P{0.007285714285714286\textwidth}P{0.007285714285714286\textwidth}P{0.007285714285714286\textwidth}P{0.007285714285714286\textwidth}P{0.007285714285714286\textwidth}P{0.007285714285714286\textwidth}P{0.04675\textwidth}P{0.24467857142857144\textwidth}}
2013\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
ear\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Y\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Volume XIII Issue VI Version I\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
( )\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Global Journal of Management and Business Research\tabcellsep S.No. 1. 2. \& 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.\tabcellsep Districts of Andhra Pradesh Chittoor Hyderabad and Rangareddy Karimnagar Kurnool Mahabubnagar Khammam Krishna East Godavari Adilabad Visakhapatnam\tabcellsep \multicolumn{8}{l}{Tourist Arrivals Domestic Tourists (in thousands) Foreign Tourists (in numbers) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2008 2009 2010 2011 48534 61779 71422 84547 617 1015 1245 2254 11522 12545 13562 14598 725252 752935 802145 895698 8101 14123 12454 13569 ----7861 18687 19954 21012 19 50 54 65 8426 11923 14425 16547 278 15 24 32 8930 7210 8596 9956 169 143 251 325 8212 6991 7548 8654 2695 510 645 754 6154 6559 6954 7548 1299 2546 3214 6547 5709 8764 9874 10214 207 264 289 332 3149 4083 5632 6587 30964 24405 23541 25698}\tabcellsep Unique Features World's largest pilgrim centre Microcosm of Culture \& Urban tourism Wildlife, handicrafts Second largest cave in India Handlooms, pilgrim centres Forestry \& Wildlife, Srirama Temple, 2 nd largest river island, largest fresh water lake Wildlife, handicrafts Wildlife, Waterfalls valley, Buddhist centres Pristine beaches, Araku\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Total Tourists at}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Chittoor district stands\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{? Eleven Districts}\tabcellsep 88914\tabcellsep 115146\tabcellsep 130058\tabcellsep 148722\tabcellsep 770033\tabcellsep 790391\tabcellsep 839572\tabcellsep 940966\tabcellsep as the largest tourist\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep destination in the world\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{? Andhra Pradesh}\tabcellsep 132684\tabcellsep 157489\tabcellsep 155789\tabcellsep 165424\tabcellsep 789180\tabcellsep 795173\tabcellsep 771536\tabcellsep 964514\tabcellsep State with maximum number of domestic\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep tourists in India\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: G]} 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 3a :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3b} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.020029051000645576\textwidth}P{0.01618786313750807\textwidth}P{0.01289541639767592\textwidth}P{0.03347320852162685\textwidth}P{0.009877340219496449\textwidth}P{0.009877340219496449\textwidth}P{0.033747579083279536\textwidth}P{0.004115558424790187\textwidth}P{0.014541639767591995\textwidth}P{0.030455132343447384\textwidth}P{0.001646223369916075\textwidth}P{0.03347320852162685\textwidth}P{0.0019205939315687542\textwidth}P{0.008505487411233052\textwidth}P{0.03566817301484829\textwidth}P{0.008505487411233052\textwidth}P{0.013718528082633958\textwidth}P{0.030455132343447384\textwidth}P{0.004664299548095545\textwidth}P{0.013444157520981279\textwidth}P{0.02771142672692059\textwidth}P{0.004389928986442866\textwidth}P{0.0005487411233053583\textwidth}P{0.013444157520981279\textwidth}P{0.03237572627501614\textwidth}P{0.00329244673983215\textwidth}P{0.010700451904454487\textwidth}P{0.03018076178179471\textwidth}P{0.0030180761781794705\textwidth}P{0.03237572627501614\textwidth}P{0.010426081342801808\textwidth}P{0.029357650096836666\textwidth}P{0.011523563589412525\textwidth}P{0.031826985151710785\textwidth}P{0.014541639767591995\textwidth}P{0.03018076178179471\textwidth}P{0.012346675274370562\textwidth}P{0.014541639767591995\textwidth}P{0.026888315041962558\textwidth}P{0.0024693350548741122\textwidth}P{0.013992898644286636\textwidth}P{0.040881213686249196\textwidth}P{0.005761781794706262\textwidth}P{0.016462233699160746\textwidth}P{0.03539380245319561\textwidth}P{0.03018076178179471\textwidth}P{0.010151710781149128\textwidth}P{0.008231116849580373\textwidth}P{0.00960296965784377\textwidth}}
Unique Features\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Taj Mahal is the jewel of Muslim art\tabcellsep and one of the universally admired\tabcellsep masterpieces of the world's heritage\tabcellsep Fortress of red sandstone\tabcellsep encompasses within its 2.5-km-long\tabcellsep enclosure walls\tabcellsep It is the tallest minaret in India which\tabcellsep is made up of red sandstone and\tabcellsep marble\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Humnayun Tomb was the first garden-}\tabcellsep tomb on the Indian subcontinent\tabcellsep Shah Jahan built the Red Fort in 17 th\tabcellsep century as the royal residence.\tabcellsep Khajuraho Group of Monuments is\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{one of the "seven wonders" of India.}\tabcellsep Sanchi Stupa commissioned by\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Emperor Ashoka during 3 rd century}\tabcellsep BC\tabcellsep These monuments including the\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{largest open air bas relief in the world,}\tabcellsep 30 rock-cut Buddhist cave\tabcellsep monuments which date from the 2nd\tabcellsep century BCE\tabcellsep The caves are hewn from solid basalt\tabcellsep rock dated to 5th century\tabcellsep Epitome of Indian rock-cut\tabcellsep architecture during 5 to 7 CE\tabcellsep Hampi is the former capital of\tabcellsep Vijayanagara empire in 15 th century\tabcellsep Group of Pattadakal monuments\tabcellsep built in 8th century CE\tabcellsep Constructed in13th century from\tabcellsep oxidized and weathered ferruginous\tabcellsep sandstone\tabcellsep UNESCO recognized 27 world heritage\tabcellsep sites out of which 5 are natural sites and\tabcellsep 22 are cultural sites\tabcellsep Archaeological Survey of India (ASI),\tabcellsep divided all the sites in India into 24\tabcellsep archeological circles\tabcellsep Foreign tourists are found maximum at\tabcellsep world famous Buddhist Stupa at\tabcellsep Sarnath which is in the state of UP\\
Foreign Tourists Domestic Tourists\tabcellsep 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 586105 591560 491554 621183 671233 2624085 2635283 2585560 4087968 545678\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 357570 385697 314116 381479 423432 1177133 1289810 1398890 1417641 1654567\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 282451 277453 221623 288180 324563 2019453 2121421 2151677 2498907 276878\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{210384 223076 183042 228914 287987 230568 260234 295726 355629 435455}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{158956 153551 126946 142029 165434 2060420 2176764 2371152 2262810 2309453}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 84887 89174 65860 90721 100122 193764 201353 228503 234950 2389125\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 24032 12333 5409 6775 8779 103734 139603 167460 196211 221234\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 71055 36163 62874 69758 74565 802000 241520 951015 987576 1067453\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 35122 29365 22964 28192 31234 300744 290062 346018 389572 456234\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{20332 16924 20287 25718 29876 234225 240042 298533 304185 432635}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{16905 18291 18946 32540 35678 454867 574370 738841 1187432 1452367}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{28671 30036 28671 34433 35456 314834 482122 408844 475123 512345}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{5662 5925 4861 5540 6545 199571 218384 242060 290406 312457}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 9907 9067 7913 7954 9876 1347483 1471082 1738696 1929690 2321245\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 1892039 1878615 1575066 1963416 2204780 120628814 12342050 13922975 16618100 14387126\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 2614254 2679763 2165346 2998175 3879541 23450419 28786608 30321981 35770242 43425768\tabcellsep 5081504 5282603 5167699 5775692 6291634 526564364 562982298 650038673 740214297 850855623\\
S.No World Heritage Site\tabcellsep (State/UT)\tabcellsep 1 Taj Mahal\tabcellsep (Uttar Pradesh)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 2 Agra Fort\tabcellsep (Uttar Pradesh)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 3 Qutub Minar\tabcellsep (Delhi)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 4 Hanumayun's Tomb\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{(Delhi)}\tabcellsep 5 Red Fort (Delhi)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 6 Group of Temples,\tabcellsep Khajuraho\tabcellsep ( Madhya Pradesh)\tabcellsep 7 Buddhist Monuments,\tabcellsep Sanchi\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{(Madhya Pradesh)}\tabcellsep 8 Group of Monuments\tabcellsep Mamallapuram\tabcellsep (Tamil Nadu)\tabcellsep 9 Ajanta caves\tabcellsep (Maharashtra)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 10 Elephanta caves\tabcellsep (Maharashtra)\tabcellsep 11 Ellora caves\tabcellsep (Maharashtra)\tabcellsep 12 Group of Monuments,\tabcellsep Hampi (Karnataka)\tabcellsep 13 Group of Monuments,\tabcellsep Pattadakal (Karnataka)\tabcellsep 14 Sun Temple (Orissa)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Total Tourist at\tabcellsep ? World Heritage Sites\tabcellsep \tabcellsep ? Archeological Circles\tabcellsep ? India\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table 3b :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter   			 
\subsection[{Acknowledgments}]{Acknowledgments} 			  			 \par
The author acknowledges Dr G. S. Rao, Emeritus Professor and Former Director National Institute of Tourism and Hospitality (NITHM) Hyderabad, for his continued support and many useful discussions. The author is deeply indebted to Dr. A. Sudhakar, the then Dean and present Registrar and Dr. K. Swamy, both from the Department of Business Management, for their proactive facilitation. The author further acknowledges the support extended by Prof. Y.S. Kiranmayi, Director of Student Affairs along with the Vice Chancellor, Dr B.R.Ambedkar Open University, Hyderabad. 
\subsection[{VI.}]{VI.} 
\subsection[{Endnotes}]{Endnotes}\par
? The vital energy composes of five gaseous elements (their functions are indicated in bracket) viz., Prana (for beating of the heart), Apana (for the elimination of the waste products), Udana (for producing sounds through vocal apparatus), Samana (for digestion of food and cell metabolism), Vyana (for the expansion and contraction process of the body).\par
? Bhagavad Gita is popularly known as Gita, which is part of the epic Mahabharata, comprises of 18 chapters and 700 verses. It by itself is a doctrine on the art of living for successful accomplishment of goals by individuals, even during adverse situations.\par
? A stupa is a mound-like structure containing Buddhist relics, typically the remains of Buddha, used by Buddhists as a place of worship.\par
? Ayurveda: Ayurveda is a system of traditional medicine native to the Indian Subcontinent and practiced as the "science of life".  
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\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}
