# Introduction ourism is a human activity (Holloway and Taylor 2006) depending on the motive force within a person that arises from the urge of an individual towards the travel. Motives are quoted to be latent needs (Heckhausen 1989) to do things in order to achieve something whereas motivations are stated to be some kind of internal drive (Harmer, 2001) which pushes someone by internally generated needs. Moutinho(1987) earlier observed that push factors indicate a state of need that exerts on the individual which are likely to bring satisfaction while actualizing these needs. Further Maslow(1954) hierarchy of needs which is the most applied (Mayo & Jarvis, 1981) in the tourism literature observed that these push factors are originating from human motivation for satisfying physiological and psychological needs hierarchically towards their actualization. These motivational needs are said to arise (Malay Biswas 2008) from the over-stimulation or understimulation in the mind for engaging in tourism activity for reducing the dissonance or disequilibrium (Kim, Lee, & Klenosky, 2003) in the mental system. Tourism motivations are attributed to be push and pull factors (Bashar Aref and Mat Som 2010) where people are pushed by their own internally generated needs who are in turn pulled towards the attractiveness of a destination. These destinations are observed to be possessed with an amalgam of tourism products, facilities (Cooper et al 2005) and services in the geographical component of a tourism system. While analyzing the tourist sites, Crompton (1979) classic study brought out seven socio-psychological push motives and two cultural pull motives for embarking upon recreational tour. Later David Weaver (2000) reclassified these motives into five push factors and nine pull factors while commenting on the very nature of the push pull nomenclature. But Snepenger et al (2006) opined that by visualizing these two factors as two separate push and pull entities may satisfy the statistical purpose and serve for an occasion. Therefore these classifications resulted in analyzing these factors as two separate constructs or two related entities or one preceding (Dann, 1977) the other. Further it is found that the cognitive counterpart is ill-defined (Gnoth 1997) in recreation studies while emotive forces at the destination is well defined. But several investigators from different fields (Cohen 1972;Plog 1974;Iso Aloha 1982, Gnoth 1997) have attempted to identify the basic motive behind motive motivation construct in a tourism paradigm. During the process it is found, the motive nature of a mind has a tendency to repeat its own emotive thoughts (Gollwitzer, Heckhausen & Steller, 1990) by virtue of its cognitive power which can perceive well in advance various attractions at the destination. Atkinson (1997) later confirmed the above mechanisms can be understood from the comprehensive meaning of the mind that perceives, thinks, feels, wills and desires with its intellect. Since tourism paradigm is related to human beings and human nature, it is observed to be complex proposition (Yoon and Uysal 2005) to investigate why people travel and what they need to enjoy despite all these formulations and classifications. Therefore the motive motivation construct is corresponding to push and pull factors depending on the cognitive and emotive forces of the mind in making a decision to travel to a destination. Various elements involved in the push pull milieu are systematically codified and presented in the Table 1 for further analysis. The analysis of the above table readily explains those push and pull forces which corresponding to the motive motivation gesalt engineered by the mind for motivating a person to engage in a travel activity. Therefore these forces that are acting on the mind of a tourist starting from the origin to the destination are schematically modeled by designing a double engine locomotive and presented in Figure 1. The push pull engine triggered by the emotive thoughts moves from the origin towards the mind where it weighs all travel choices and options along with their pros and cons for getting signalling the mind for the onward move of a tourist towards the destination. During the process, titrations would take place between the cognitive and emotive reagents in the mind to release the stimulus energy for deciding whether to accelerate or withdraw from the travel path. It can be observed from the Figure that the dualism of the mind in the person is schematically presented at the center of the stimulus path looking on either side of the origin and destination. It can be further visualized that the mind acts as a facilitator with its emotive thoughts on every move of stimulus path to pull a person towards the destination. Thus the dual stimulus path is arising from push and pull forces formed in the S type curve in a slanting position involving both the stimulus which will be henceforth called as a '2S Curve'. However it is observed from the Western literature (Dumazedier 1967;Krippendorf 1987;Parker 1983) free time and holidays in leisure studies are inevitably connected to the concept of self-actualization or self-realization. Further it is observed the usage of self-actualization is in synonymous with self-realization for tourism paradigm. These self-concepts and their synonymous usages prompted the author to probe into traditional Indian scriptures. # Global Journal of Management and Business # Traditional Revelations behind Push Pull Mechanisms As per the ancient Indian scriptures every human being possesses two bodies on material plane, one is the physical gross body and the other the imaginary subtle body within the gross body where the mind is perceiving with its intellect. Further these scriptures stated the mind is internal to the vital energy which acts as a motive power for the gross and subtle body. These three dimensions of the being i.e., mind, body and the energy are not isolated from each other and together form the total individual person as elucidated in the following verse. Gnanendriya Panchaka , Karmendriya Panchaka, Pranaadi Panchaka, Samyuktham Jayathe Vedanta Paribhasha, 7-3 The above verse clarifies that the gross body comprises of a set of five elements known as the organs-of-activity while the subtle body comprises of another set of five elements known as organs-ofperception which are activated by the vital energy that composes of five gaseous elements. The organs of action are denoted in the scriptures to be made up of Vocal cord (vak), hands (pani), feet (pada), genitals (upastha) and anus (payu). In a similar way the organs-of-perception which facilitates different perceptive functions of the gross body are skin (Thwak), eye (chakshu), ears (srothra), tongue (jihwa), nose (ghrana). The same has been denoted in the following verse of the scripture. Thwak Chakshu Srothra Jihwa Ghrana Vaak Paani Pada Payu Upastha Vedanta Paribhasha, 7-3 However, the mind which is driven by the intellect is always under the influence of external objects in the physical world. Hence organs-of-perception arouse the emotive thoughts by virtue of cognitive power of the mind for inducing the organs-of-action towards an activity. This is described in the following verse. mamaivaamsho jeevaloke jeevabhootah sanaatanah; manah shashthaaneendriyaani prakritisthaani karshati Bhagavad Gita, 15-7 Further these cognitive attributes of the mind found to be involving three characteristics (Bhargava Teja 2011) namely satwa(serenity) rajas(source of desire) tamas(ignorance) which are responsible for letting lose the flood of stimuli in the mind by the attractive objects in the physical world. As a result of varying proportions of these three tendencies, the inner equipoise and serenity in the mental pool starts getting disturbed as described in the following verse. trai-gunya-vishaya veda nistrai-gunyo bhavarjuna nirdvandvo nitya-sattva-stho niryoga-kshema atmavan Bhagavad Gita, 2-45 However the disequilibrium in the mental system can be avoided for excelling oneself in any activity with the concerted effort of organs-of-perception led by the mind which is more specifically described in the following verse. Yastvin-driyani manasa niyamya-rabhate'rjuna Karmen-DriyaihKarma-Yogana-Saktah Sa Visisyate Bhagavad Gita, 3-7 Towards such an action the traditional scriptures prescribed a twofold path with each one acting complimentary to another for achieving the state of equilibrium without any dissonance as denoted in the following verse. Loke'smin dwividhaa nishthaa puraa proktaa mayaanagha Jnaanayogena saankhyaanaam karmayogena yoginaam Bhagavad Gita 3-3 It is further clarified in this scripture that these two paths are driven by the mind with its intellect in coordinating both organs-of-perception and organs-ofaction simultaneously and synchronously. Though these declarations are found to be corresponding with modern tourism literature (Tasci & Gartner, 2007;Young, 1999) relating to social construct, but its cultural counterpart is observed to be an area of neglect. More specifically the personal place bond (Shumaker & Taylor, 1983) and the nationality (Saarinen, 2004) relating to the cultural context are also observed to be under explored. Therefore systematic field surveys are carried out by selecting a typical tourist destination for particularly validating the cultural context by analyzing the nature and behaviour of tourist choices and preferences towards particular destination along with their polarizations. # III. # Push Pull Milieu and its Impact on Tourism Trends The selected destination is the state of Andhra Pradesh (AP) which is acclaimed as the Kohinoor of India showcasing all the attractions of the India that are naturally gifted to this ancient land. The state is seated on a plateau resting over one of the oldest rock formations of millions of years old in the World. With a unique blend of ancient and modern cultures coupled with splendor, beauty and distinct geography is gifted with longest coastal line. It provides pristine beaches with silver sands and golden sunshine covering nine of the 23 districts with equal access. Hence the destination is known to be the tourism paradise (Bhargava Teja Accordingly the data pertaining to foreign and domestic tourists visiting to all these attractions is systematically investigated. Simultaneously the data pertaining to major tourist attractions are surveyed in all over the states for validating the observed trends in the state of A.P. It is found during the analysis that the majority of the tourists are drawn to over eleven districts of A.P whereas seven Indian states are attracting maximum number of foreign tourists with their unique features and their attributes. Hence the data pertaining to all these top destinations in the state as well as in the entire India are codified and presented in Table 3 a & b. It can be observed from the Table 3 a & b that 90 % of the domestic tourists are indicating their choices and preferences by their presence around religious destinations. On the contrary it is found that presence of foreign nationals is meager at these destinations. On the other hand, it is observed that over 80 % of foreign tourists are leaning towards World heritage sites (UNESCO 1972) and archeological circles which are spread over all through India. Further it is found that the majority of the foreign tourists are preferring Buddhist circuits from among the historical sites by showing their presence in large numbers. These polarizations and trends are schematically represented by the design and development of conceptual diagram which is presented in Figure 3. IV. # Conclusions The perceptional dichotomy prevailing among various researchers while analyzing push pull factors and their underlying mechanisms have led the consideration of these two factors as to different entities. These ambiguities prompted the author for analyzing the role of the cognitive mind by probing into the traditional scriptures followed by their validation through an analytical data derived from the field surveys. The results of these studies revealed that the genesis of both push and pull factors are originating from a single source, the mind and hence these two factors needs to be considered as a single integrated entity. Further, the analysis of these studies is goes on to show that these push pull motives are being coordinated by the vital energy of the mind simultaneously and synchronously without any disequilibrium or dissonance for excelling in tourism activities. The tourist polarizations and their trends are conceptualized through a design and development of double engine locomotive by demonstrating origin related sensuous drives and destination based emotive attributes which have resulted in dual stimulation 'S' curve. These impacts are schematically presented in the form of an open book for vividly demonstrating three dimensional human body which is interfaced by the mind. The analysis of these entire investigations revealed that personal place bond has a decisive role in choosing either a temple or Buddhist circuit by domestic or foreign tourists respectively. Further these findings indicate that both the foreign and domestic tourists are showing their lesser preferences to other attractions which are closely located to the preferred destinations. V. 1![Figure 1 : Stimulus Paradigm involving Sense & Action Organs Engineered by Push Pull Mind It can be observed from the Figure that the dual stimulus from the push pull mind is metaphorically represented by a locomotive, hauled engine, moving from the origin to destination on a track of the intrinsic and extrinsic motivations. It can be further observed from the Figure 1 that the origin-based forces are comprising of cognition, perception, feeling, motive, desire and urge which is pulling a person towards the destination. On the other hand, pull factors are observed to be attractiveness, attributes and other contemplated recreational activities including expected performances and likely experiences at the destination.The push pull engine triggered by the emotive thoughts moves from the origin towards the mind where it weighs all travel choices and options along with their pros and cons for getting signalling the mind for the onward move of a tourist towards the destination. During the process, titrations would take place between the cognitive and emotive reagents in the mind to release the stimulus energy for deciding whether to accelerate or withdraw from the travel path. It can be observed from the Figure that the dualism of the mind in the person is schematically presented at the center of the stimulus path looking on either side of the origin and](image-2.png "Figure 1 :") ![Synthesis on Push Pull Dichotomy and its Resulting Impact on Tourism Trends II.](image-3.png "G") ![Synthesis on Push Pull Dichotomy and its Resulting Impact on Tourism Trends It can be observed from the Figure that the state is demarcated with three distinct regions with their unique cultural characteristics and crowned by richest temples, Buddhist stupas some of which were established during the life time of Buddha. Further the picturesque land in the state is intermittently disturbed by the presence of Eastern Ghats which are associated with long waterfalls and famous lakes. These lakes are attracting migrating birds from farther lands including Australia and Siberia forming famous bird sanctuaries as their native habitats. Detailed surveys are carried out for identifying the significance of various attractions and are classified in accordance withWeaver & Lawton (2000) which are presented in](image-4.png "G") 3![Figure 3 : Driving Forces their Attributes and Functions at Destination It can be observed from the Figure 3 that the motive motivation mechanisms are related to origin and destinations which are represented in the form of a three dimensional open book. The diagram indicates various types of tourism activities that are corresponding to sensuous and action organs (Bhargava Teja 2010) which are coordinated and interfaced by the mind for activating these practices. Further it is interesting to note that religious and cultural activities are falling under the integrated control of the mind whereas physical activities such as participating in meetings, conventions, and sports are controlled by the action organs. The mind which is located at the center is observed to be facilitating both the origin based cognitive forces and destination based emotive feelings by acting as a catalyst for advancing the travel activities.](image-5.png "Figure 3 :") 1S No & Driving FactorsProposed Author and YearConcept and ContentsNotions for the DriveI. MotiveGray (1970)Destination choice based on Wanderlust and SunlustLatent NeedIso Ahola (1982)Escape and seeking for pleasure(Heckausen 1983)Baloglu & Uysal (1996)Differences in the demographic characteristics such as age, gender, marital status, income and educationReasonHierarchy Theory of Motivation: PhysiologicalMaslow (1970)needs followed by higher levels of psychological needs and the need for self-II. Motivation Process towards fulfillmentIso Ahola (1983) Harmer (2001) Geen, Beatty & Arkinactualisation Triggered by seeking (intrinsic rewards) and escaping (routine/familiar environments) Some kind of internal drive which pushes someone to do things Inferred intra-personal process that directs,Elicit control and sustains certain behaviour(1984)activates and maintains behaviourCategorisation into anomie desire to transcendDann (1977)the feeling of isolation and ego-enhancementrecognition conferred by travelCategorisation into four domains, i.e. familyIII. Push Factors: Drives the Mind at originKim et al. (2003)togetherness and study, natural resources and health, escaping from everyday routine, and adventure and friendship building Market or Origin-based forces (Demand side) Push Factors:Sense organsWeaver (2000)Economic factors, Social factors,Demographic factors, Technological factors,Political factorsProduct or Destination-based forces (SupplySide)Pull Factors:IV. Pull Factors : Drives the Body towards destinationWeaver (2000)Geographical proximity to markets, Accessibility to markets, Availability of attractions, Cultural links, Availability ofAction organsservices, Affordability, Peace and stability,Positive market image, Pro-tourism policiesTourist motive as a force based onCrompton (1979)seven socio-psychological and two culturalV. Push and Pull :motivesDecisionSynthesis of MindPush factors are those which drive amaking orUysal & Jurowskitourist to travel and Pull factors are thoseDestination(1994)which draw the tourist towards thechoicedestination's attractionsMurray (1938)Dichotomy Model relating to Need and PressVI. Mind Weighs emotion versus expectationSir W. Hamilton (Atkinson 1997) Neulinger (1979)Feels, thinks, perceives, wills, desires Freedom of the state of mind to perform any activityPerceives, Thinks, Feels, Wills, DesiresWeaver (2000)Destination region is a geographicalVII. Destinationcomponent of tourism systemSome formA place where theof actual orhappening isperceiveddestinedboundary 22013earYVolume XIII Issue VI Version I( )Global Journal of Management and Business ResearchG 2S.NoTypes of TourismLocationUnique FeaturesIi.Natural Tourism Topography: ? Mountains,Eastern GhatsLong stretch of Watershed mountains in the east coast? ValleysAraku valley (Visakhapatnam) Ethnic tribal and folk culture nestlingn the verdant hills? CavesBorra caves (Visakhapatnam),One million year old caves? BeachesVodarevu (Ongole), Bheemili,Glittering wide sand banks withRishikonda (Visakhapatnam)highly mesmerizing locationsii. Hydrology:Talakona (Chittor),Enchanting locations for enjoying the? WaterfallsKuntala (Adilabad)nature's beauty? LakesKolleru (Krishna) and Pulicot(Nellore)? IslandsBhavani (Vijayawada)Second largest river island in Indiaiii. WildlifeNelapattu bird Sanctuary(Nellore),Tiger Reserve (Srisailam)iv. VegetationNalla malla forests (Kurnool)The largest stretch of undisturbeddeciduous forest in South India.IICultural Tourism?Built in 1143 A.D standing oni.Historical:Golconda (Hyderabad) ,isolated granite? FortsBhongiri, Kondapalli,hill protected by nature made girdleWarangalof tall hills.Awe and wonders as stand out as atestimony of vestiges? BuddhistAmarvathi (Guntur),Most important of Buddhist circuit camecircuits(Visakhapatnam), Totlain during life time of Buddha i.e., 2 ndKonda, Baavakonda,Century BCNagarjunakonda? MuseumsSalar Jung MuseumOne-man antique collection dating back(Hyderabad)to1 st century A.D from all over the world.Religious :Balaji Temple (Tirupati)The most visited place of worship in theii.? Templeworld? Jain TempleKolanupaka (Warangal)2000 years old, having 1.5 meters highimage of Mahavira? MosquesMecca Mosque (Hyderabad)Built in 1694 A.D which canaccommodate10,000 people at a time.? ChurchMedak Church (Medak)World's Second Largest Diocese? Spiritual Centre Puttaparthi (Anantapur),Renowned spiritual centers of the world.Chinnajeer(Vijayawada),?Kolleru is the largest fresh water lake in India?Pulicat is the second largest brackish salt water lagoon and also a Ramsar site.? The largest Pelicanary in South East Asia with more than 1500 Pelicans ? Largest Tiger reserve in India ? 3a2013earYVolume XIII Issue VI Version I( )Global Journal of Management and Business ResearchS.No. 1. 2. & 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.Districts of Andhra Pradesh Chittoor Hyderabad and Rangareddy Karimnagar Kurnool Mahabubnagar Khammam Krishna East Godavari Adilabad VisakhapatnamTourist Arrivals Domestic Tourists (in thousands) Foreign Tourists (in numbers) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2008 2009 2010 2011 48534 61779 71422 84547 617 1015 1245 2254 11522 12545 13562 14598 725252 752935 802145 895698 8101 14123 12454 13569 ----7861 18687 19954 21012 19 50 54 65 8426 11923 14425 16547 278 15 24 32 8930 7210 8596 9956 169 143 251 325 8212 6991 7548 8654 2695 510 645 754 6154 6559 6954 7548 1299 2546 3214 6547 5709 8764 9874 10214 207 264 289 332 3149 4083 5632 6587 30964 24405 23541 25698Unique Features World's largest pilgrim centre Microcosm of Culture & Urban tourism Wildlife, handicrafts Second largest cave in India Handlooms, pilgrim centres Forestry & Wildlife, Srirama Temple, 2 nd largest river island, largest fresh water lake Wildlife, handicrafts Wildlife, Waterfalls valley, Buddhist centres Pristine beaches, ArakuTotal Tourists atChittoor district stands? Eleven Districts88914115146130058148722770033790391839572940966as the largest touristdestination in the world? Andhra Pradesh132684157489155789165424789180795173771536964514State with maximum number of domestictourists in IndiaG 3bUnique FeaturesTaj Mahal is the jewel of Muslim artand one of the universally admiredmasterpieces of the world's heritageFortress of red sandstoneencompasses within its 2.5-km-longenclosure wallsIt is the tallest minaret in India whichis made up of red sandstone andmarbleHumnayun Tomb was the first garden-tomb on the Indian subcontinentShah Jahan built the Red Fort in 17 thcentury as the royal residence.Khajuraho Group of Monuments isone of the "seven wonders" of India.Sanchi Stupa commissioned byEmperor Ashoka during 3 rd centuryBCThese monuments including thelargest open air bas relief in the world,30 rock-cut Buddhist cavemonuments which date from the 2ndcentury BCEThe caves are hewn from solid basaltrock dated to 5th centuryEpitome of Indian rock-cutarchitecture during 5 to 7 CEHampi is the former capital ofVijayanagara empire in 15 th centuryGroup of Pattadakal monumentsbuilt in 8th century CEConstructed in13th century fromoxidized and weathered ferruginoussandstoneUNESCO recognized 27 world heritagesites out of which 5 are natural sites and22 are cultural sitesArchaeological Survey of India (ASI),divided all the sites in India into 24archeological circlesForeign tourists are found maximum atworld famous Buddhist Stupa atSarnath which is in the state of UPForeign Tourists Domestic Tourists2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011586105 591560 491554 621183 671233 2624085 2635283 2585560 4087968 545678357570 385697 314116 381479 423432 1177133 1289810 1398890 1417641 1654567282451 277453 221623 288180 324563 2019453 2121421 2151677 2498907 276878210384 223076 183042 228914 287987 230568 260234 295726 355629 435455158956 153551 126946 142029 165434 2060420 2176764 2371152 2262810 230945384887 89174 65860 90721 100122 193764 201353 228503 234950 238912524032 12333 5409 6775 8779 103734 139603 167460 196211 22123471055 36163 62874 69758 74565 802000 241520 951015 987576 106745335122 29365 22964 28192 31234 300744 290062 346018 389572 45623420332 16924 20287 25718 29876 234225 240042 298533 304185 43263516905 18291 18946 32540 35678 454867 574370 738841 1187432 145236728671 30036 28671 34433 35456 314834 482122 408844 475123 5123455662 5925 4861 5540 6545 199571 218384 242060 290406 3124579907 9067 7913 7954 9876 1347483 1471082 1738696 1929690 23212451892039 1878615 1575066 1963416 2204780 120628814 12342050 13922975 16618100 143871262614254 2679763 2165346 2998175 3879541 23450419 28786608 30321981 35770242 434257685081504 5282603 5167699 5775692 6291634 526564364 562982298 650038673 740214297 850855623S.No World Heritage Site(State/UT)1 Taj Mahal(Uttar Pradesh)2 Agra Fort(Uttar Pradesh)3 Qutub Minar(Delhi)4 Hanumayun's Tomb(Delhi)5 Red Fort (Delhi)6 Group of Temples,Khajuraho( Madhya Pradesh)7 Buddhist Monuments,Sanchi(Madhya Pradesh)8 Group of MonumentsMamallapuram(Tamil Nadu)9 Ajanta caves(Maharashtra)10 Elephanta caves(Maharashtra)11 Ellora caves(Maharashtra)12 Group of Monuments,Hampi (Karnataka)13 Group of Monuments,Pattadakal (Karnataka)14 Sun Temple (Orissa)Total Tourist at? World Heritage Sites? Archeological Circles? India © 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US) ## Acknowledgments The author acknowledges Dr G. S. Rao, Emeritus Professor and Former Director National Institute of Tourism and Hospitality (NITHM) Hyderabad, for his continued support and many useful discussions. The author is deeply indebted to Dr. A. Sudhakar, the then Dean and present Registrar and Dr. K. Swamy, both from the Department of Business Management, for their proactive facilitation. The author further acknowledges the support extended by Prof. Y.S. Kiranmayi, Director of Student Affairs along with the Vice Chancellor, Dr B.R.Ambedkar Open University, Hyderabad. ## VI. ## Endnotes ? The vital energy composes of five gaseous elements (their functions are indicated in bracket) viz., Prana (for beating of the heart), Apana (for the elimination of the waste products), Udana (for producing sounds through vocal apparatus), Samana (for digestion of food and cell metabolism), Vyana (for the expansion and contraction process of the body). ? Bhagavad Gita is popularly known as Gita, which is part of the epic Mahabharata, comprises of 18 chapters and 700 verses. It by itself is a doctrine on the art of living for successful accomplishment of goals by individuals, even during adverse situations. ? A stupa is a mound-like structure containing Buddhist relics, typically the remains of Buddha, used by Buddhists as a place of worship. ? 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