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\title{Export of India's Agro Processed Food Products: A Study of Tea}
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             \author[1]{Anuj  Gupta}

             \affil[1]{  Banaras Hindu University-221001}

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\date{\small \em Received: 11 December 2015 Accepted: 4 January 2016 Published: 15 January 2016}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Tea is one of such product whose trade balance is always positive for India, revealing huge advantage for the nation. The study is related with the export of agro processed foods especially tea, its trend, direction, world?s export & measures to enhance export. The study reveals the position of India?s tea export in world market. It has been found that Iran, Russia, UK, USA & UAE are the major importers of tea from India; hence they must be focused more. China is the largest seller of tea at global market, while Iran is the largest purchaser of India?s black tea. Government policies & institution plays an important role in enhancing the export of tea. Meanwhile, domestic demand of this product is also increasing due to increase in population & other related factors. The production of tea must also be increased by adopting various methods.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{export, focused, black tea, domestic production, green tea.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
ndia is one of the largest black tea producing country of the world. The major states which account for 95\% of total production are West Bengal, Assam, Tamil Nadu \& Kerala; remaining 5\% is covered by 12 states. For managing the future prospect \& export of this commodity Tea Board was formed which traces its existence from year 1903 when Indian Tea Cess Bill was passed to access the tea export. The present tea board is an autonomous body working under the control of Ministry of Commerce \& Industry, Government of India set up as a statutory body on 1stApril, 1954 as per provision under Section (4) of Tea Act 1953. It is an apex body which looks after the overall interests of the tea industry. It has succeeded the Central Tea Board (CTB) \& the Indian Tea Licensing Committee (ITLC) which functioned under the Central Tea Board Act, 1949 \& Indian Tea Control Act 1938, respectively.\par
The present study encompasses various areas including the export-import of tea from the year 2005-06 to 2015-16 \& direction of export of tea. The destination of export of tea from India to top 5 countries in the studied period is also ascertained. It has been seen that India is among the top tea exporting country. The import of the country is also increasing at a decreasing rate. The requisite of different type of tea \& brand demand is also a main problem that has led an increase in import demand of tea also. China is the largest seller of tea at global market, while Iran is the largest purchaser of India's black tea. Government policies \& institution plays an important role in enhancing the export of tea. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Objective of Study}]{Objective of Study}\par
Following are the objective of the present study: 1. To study the trend of export of agro-processed food products in India. 2. To study the trend of export-import of tea in the given time period in India. 3. To analyze the direction of India's tea export. 4. To ascertain the top tea exporting country of the world. 5. To provide some suggestive measures for improvement of India's tea export. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Literature Review}]{Literature Review}\par
Shinoj P et al  {\ref (2008)} examine the comparative advantage of India in agricultural export vis-a-vis Asia in the post reform era. From 1991 to 2004, ten major agricultural commodities group are studied. India has been able to maintain comparative advantage in commodities like cashew and oil meals, but tea, coffee, spices, marine products have been negatively affected. \hyperref[b2]{Govindasamy (1993)} in his study revealed the effect of drought on tea in the recent years. It was found that tea is highly water-consuming product \& drought has effected its production negatively.\par
Another study done by M. R. Chaudhary (1978) had found the concentration of tea production in specific area in the country. It has also shown that the area in which tea s sown is hilly \& prone to good monsoon. North-east is huge producer of tea in India \& south-India is producing coffee. \hyperref[b6]{Banerjee (2008)} given a road map for the prospects of tea industry in India. The demand is unending \& supply is somehow proportionately decreasing. Therefore more concentration is to be made over production that will boost export too.\par
IV. 
\section[{Research Methodology}]{Research Methodology}\par
The study is highly based on secondary data. The information is taken from the websites of ministry of commerce, tea board, International trade centre \& DGCI\&S Kolkata. Data of 10 years is taken for trend \& 5 year is taken for direction, top exporting nations, etc. These data are compiled in the form of table, line graph, area charts, bar graphs, etc. Statistical tools like AGR, mean, Karl Pearson's coefficient correlation, standard deviation, percentage, etc. are used for analyzing the data. The study is done in the year 2016 hence data up to that year is mentioned. 
\section[{a) Export of Agro processed food products}]{a) Export of Agro processed food products}\par
The population of the country \& problems related to food had led a huge controversy over the topic of export of food products. But it is found that the products which are exported were either excess or different in variety which is demanded within the country. The export of marine products, buffalo meats basmati rice, tea, etc. was the main among them. Table \hyperref[tab_0]{1} is showing clearly the trend of such agro-processed products from the recent past:   Source: Table \hyperref[tab_3]{3} Source: Table \hyperref[tab_3]{3} Table \hyperref[tab_3]{3} shows the export-import trend of tea in India in last 10 years. It has been seen that the import of tea is irregular in nature due to demand of certain quality of tea. There is huge difference between the export \& import of tea in every year. The trade balance of tea is always favorable i.e. the export is always higher than import of tea.     Table \hyperref[tab_7]{6} shows the top 10 tea exporting nations of the world. Figure 4 is a graphical representation of the same in various years. It has been analyzed that the growth of export in China was steady, while in India it was irregular, sometimes negative too. Sri Lanka headed this table till 2014 with more than 20\% of world's total export. In the year 2015 this crown was taken by China with 4.62\% more than Sri Lanka. Only 4 (China, Sri Lanka, Kenya \& India) out of ten are sharing 63.48\% of the world's total export in 2015. India is sharing nearly 10.21\% of world's export itself in 2015. Some countries are showing negative CAGR including India (-0.059) while China (0.09), UAE (0.22), Poland (0.06) \& USA (0.1) are showing positive growth rate. 
\section[{c) Measures to increase the India's export of tea}]{c) Measures to increase the India's export of tea}\par
Following measures must be taken by the policy makers \& exporters to increase the export of tea: 1. Using more land for cultivation of tea \& advanced technique for reduction in wastage. 2. Government must support exporters by providing them subsidies to enhance the export of tea. 3. Cultivation of green tea must be promoted which has huge demand in world market. 4. Tea tasters must be appropriately appointed \& standardized grading \& packaging system be adopted. 5. Tea boards must perform seminars, conferences, conclaves, workshops, etc. for the owners of farms, exporters, workers, farmers \& processors of tea.\par
V. 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
The study is related with the export of agro processed foods especially tea, its trend, direction, world's export \& measures to enhance export. The study reveals the position of India's tea export in world market. It has been found that Iran, Russia, UK, USA \& UAE are the major importers of tea from India; hence they must be focused more. Meanwhile, domestic demand of this product is also increasing due to increase in population \& other related factors. The production of tea must also be increased by adopting various methods. The requirement of green tea is more in western countries; hence this product line must be targeted. There is a huge difference in export of tea from India \& other top nations. This gap could only be reduced by way of government intervention \& market analysis. Due to individual researcher's constraint \& resource limitation some parts like domestic production \& sales, state-wise trend, etc. is not mentioned \& opened for next research.   \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
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2016\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Year\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Exports of Agro processed food products*}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
8\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep (US \$ Million)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Volume XVI Issue VII Version I ( ) B\tabcellsep Commodity Marine Products Buffalo Meat Rice -Basmoti Rice(Other Than Basmoti) Spices Guergam Meal Oil Meals Cashew Sugar\tabcellsep 2009-10 2,095.28 1,163.54 2,289.35 76.38 1,257.86 240.70 1,658.83 591.35 23.20\tabcellsep 2010-11 2,622.72 1,895.07 2,493.89 50.86 1,733.59 646.08 2,437.90 619.23 1,211.00\tabcellsep 2011-12 3,443.63 2,842.83 3,216.99 1,723.38 2,725.66 3,354.82 2,420.46 915.13 1,838.55\tabcellsep 2012-13 3,464.08 3,201.14 3,564.04 2,651.97 2,786.12 3,919.23 3,038.60 746.97 1,574.62\tabcellsep 2013-14 5,016.63 4,350.38 4,864.89 2,925.16 2,497.30 1,979.70 2,796.44 842.32 1,177.11\tabcellsep 2014-15 5,510.24 4,781.18 4,518.11 3,335.09 2,430.35 1,552.15 1,324.17 909.26 871.41\\
Global Journal of Management and Business Research\tabcellsep Other Cereals Wheat Coffee Sesame Seeds Castor Oil Fresh Vegetables Groundnut Tea Processed Fruits And Juices Fresh Fruits Cereal Preparations Misc Processed Items Alcoholic Beverages Dairy Products Processed Vegetables\tabcellsep 625.71 0.01 429.74 316.51 461.63 637.16 302.42 623.29 401.87 322.72 217.39 176.84 124.08 170.47 156.74\tabcellsep 803.61 0.15 661.77 507.25 654.00 575.92 480.45 736.46 408.16 299.09 277.85 233.93 180.27 267.70 164.34\tabcellsep 1,127.95 202.06 952.87 553.13 971.85 624.88 1,093.05 847.63 472.84 399.31 393.23 298.58 303.16 135.99 218.64\tabcellsep 1,505.16 1,934.24 866.13 528.08 792.75 627.08 747.39 865.97 473.42 496.06 411.79 340.62 355.19 427.53 202.66\tabcellsep 1,204.16 1,569.08 798.83 592.17 725.70 886.14 525.68 798.79 547.14 608.99 471.32 418.04 401.53 727.54 213.05\tabcellsep 869.06 828.76 814.02 772.27 770.49 763.02 760.37 681.36 592.26 516.20 496.76 455.05 369.59 355.83 281.81\\
\tabcellsep Pulses\tabcellsep 86.95\tabcellsep 191.47\tabcellsep 228.03\tabcellsep 236.39\tabcellsep 290.28\tabcellsep 199.86\\
\tabcellsep Other Oil Seeds\tabcellsep 29.08\tabcellsep 24.92\tabcellsep 41.32\tabcellsep 76.28\tabcellsep 155.18\tabcellsep 185.03\\
\tabcellsep Milled Products\tabcellsep 32.50\tabcellsep 43.35\tabcellsep 72.70\tabcellsep 111.07\tabcellsep 166.15\tabcellsep 166.87\\
\tabcellsep Cocoa Products\tabcellsep 20.59\tabcellsep 27.87\tabcellsep 36.51\tabcellsep 54.03\tabcellsep 93.97\tabcellsep 138.87\\
\tabcellsep Sheep/Goat Meat\tabcellsep 156.56\tabcellsep 56.70\tabcellsep 53.80\tabcellsep 78.35\tabcellsep 115.37\tabcellsep 135.71\\
\tabcellsep © 2016 Global Journals Inc. (US) 1\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: Source:]} 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 1}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.07487046632124351\textwidth}P{0.1981865284974093\textwidth}P{0.07927461139896373\textwidth}P{0.08367875647668394\textwidth}P{0.05064766839378238\textwidth}P{0.09248704663212434\textwidth}P{0.17836787564766837\textwidth}P{0.09248704663212434\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep 100\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep 99\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep 98\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep 97\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep 96\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep 95\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep 94\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep 93\%\tabcellsep 2009-10\tabcellsep 2010-11\tabcellsep 2011-12\tabcellsep 2012-13\tabcellsep 2013-14\tabcellsep 2014-15\\
\tabcellsep Tea Export\tabcellsep 623.29\tabcellsep 736.46\tabcellsep 847.63\tabcellsep 865.97\tabcellsep 798.79\tabcellsep 681.36\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Total Agro Export 14,871}\tabcellsep 20,541\tabcellsep 31,854\tabcellsep 36,457\tabcellsep 38,111\tabcellsep 35,757\\
Commodity\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep 2009-10\tabcellsep 2010-11\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{2011-12}\tabcellsep 2012-13\tabcellsep 2013-14\tabcellsep 2014-15\\
Year\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Tea\tabcellsep 623.29\tabcellsep 736.46\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{847.63}\tabcellsep 865.97\tabcellsep 798.79\tabcellsep 681.36\\
FPI-Exports\tabcellsep 14,871\tabcellsep 20,541\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{31,854}\tabcellsep 36,457\tabcellsep 38,111\tabcellsep 35,757\\
Share\%\tabcellsep 4.19\tabcellsep 3.59\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 2.66\tabcellsep 2.38\tabcellsep 2.10\tabcellsep 1.91\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Source: Table 1 \& author's calculation}\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.26627647714604236\textwidth}P{0.10423634336677814\textwidth}P{0.0758082497212932\textwidth}P{0.05496098104793757\textwidth}P{0.041694537346711254\textwidth}P{0.09381270903010033\textwidth}P{0.07391304347826086\textwidth}P{0.05306577480490524\textwidth}P{0.08623188405797101\textwidth}}
Year\tabcellsep Export (in Rs. lacs)\tabcellsep Indices* 2005-\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Growth \%}\tabcellsep Import (in Rs.\tabcellsep Indices** 2005-\tabcellsep Growth\%\tabcellsep Trade balance\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 06=100\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep lacs)\tabcellsep 06=100\tabcellsep \\
2006-07\tabcellsep 184499.36\tabcellsep 100.00\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{12.31}\tabcellsep 12505.56\tabcellsep 100\tabcellsep 16.75\tabcellsep 171993.8\\
2007-08\tabcellsep 193674.68\tabcellsep 104.97\tabcellsep 4.97\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 12652.86\tabcellsep 101.18\tabcellsep 1.18\tabcellsep 181021.8\\
2008-09\tabcellsep 255177.55\tabcellsep 138.31\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{31.76}\tabcellsep 18812.37\tabcellsep 150.43\tabcellsep 48.68\tabcellsep 236365.2\\
2009-10\tabcellsep 282439.72\tabcellsep 153.08\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{10.68}\tabcellsep 27135.14\tabcellsep 216.98\tabcellsep 44.24\tabcellsep 255304.6\\
2010-11\tabcellsep 322292.24\tabcellsep 174.68\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{14.11}\tabcellsep 19858.34\tabcellsep 158.79\tabcellsep -26.82\tabcellsep 302433.9\\
2011-12\tabcellsep 390715.51\tabcellsep 211.77\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{21.23}\tabcellsep 20989.17\tabcellsep 167.84\tabcellsep 5.69\tabcellsep 369726.3\\
2012-13\tabcellsep 451368.11\tabcellsep 244.64\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{15.52}\tabcellsep 26961.47\tabcellsep 215.59\tabcellsep 28.45\tabcellsep 424406.6\\
2013-14\tabcellsep 464215.27\tabcellsep 251.61\tabcellsep 2.85\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 28496.71\tabcellsep 227.87\tabcellsep 5.69\tabcellsep 435718.6\\
2014-15\tabcellsep 395766.48\tabcellsep 214.51\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{-14.75}\tabcellsep 38158.70\tabcellsep 305.13\tabcellsep 33.91\tabcellsep 357607.8\\
2015-16\tabcellsep 446696.08\tabcellsep 242.11\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{12.87}\tabcellsep 36584.04\tabcellsep 292.54\tabcellsep -4.13\tabcellsep 410112\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Source: Ministry of Commerce}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{Note: *Export indices taking 2005-06 as base year}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{**Import indices taking 2005-06 as base year}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{Karl Pearson's coefficient correlation=0.7836,}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{Standard deviation (SD) for export=106089.14 Standard}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{deviation for import=177179.56.}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.22758875739644968\textwidth}P{0.5595414201183432\textwidth}P{0.0628698224852071\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Country 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15}\tabcellsep 2015-16\\
Iran\tabcellsep 10,062.86 17,174.70 20,777.70 21,260.76 30,679.95 23,006.34 40,158.80 60,838.03 54,141.16\tabcellsep 68900.80\\
Russia\tabcellsep 27,764.89 28,121.61 36,037.63 46,960.01 51,511.81 57,824.02 69,213.36 65,811.59 59,115.19\tabcellsep 67403.87\\
UK\tabcellsep 24,682.33 22,791.75 31,598.12 32,057.29 35,923.52 50,512.02 55,396.17 35,600.64 34,673.96\tabcellsep 41,571.61\\
USA\tabcellsep 10,518.89 11,869.21 16,370.39 19,360.25 23,354.33 27,837.92 30,843.31 37,371.17 35,806.98\tabcellsep 34,294.77\\
UAE\tabcellsep 17,547.97 29,036.74 31,792.76 33,863.21 34,432.27 42,736.34 51,865.46 46,362.77 24,215.67\tabcellsep 30,014.12\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Source: Ministry of Commerce}\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{*Top 5 countries is decided on the basis of 2015-16 data}\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.10365853658536585\textwidth}P{0.1824390243902439\textwidth}P{0.38146341463414635\textwidth}P{0.1824390243902439\textwidth}}
Country\tabcellsep Mean\tabcellsep Std. Deviation\tabcellsep CAGR\\
Iran\tabcellsep 34700.11\tabcellsep 20281.68\tabcellsep 0.238322\\
Russia\tabcellsep 50976.40\tabcellsep 15763.40\tabcellsep 0.103567\\
UK\tabcellsep 36480.74\tabcellsep 10300.67\tabcellsep 0.059636\\
USA\tabcellsep 24762.72\tabcellsep 9938.53\tabcellsep 0.140325\\
UAE\tabcellsep 34186.73\tabcellsep 10327.9\tabcellsep 0.061451\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Source: Author' calculation from table 4}\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_5}Table 5 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_6}Table 4}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{6} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.14413629160063393\textwidth}P{0.005388272583201268\textwidth}P{0.11045958795562598\textwidth}P{0.11045958795562598\textwidth}P{0.11854199683042789\textwidth}P{0.1198890649762282\textwidth}P{0.11719492868462757\textwidth}P{0.12393026941362915\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Major Exporters}\tabcellsep 2011\tabcellsep 2012\tabcellsep 2013\tabcellsep 2014\tabcellsep 2015\tabcellsep CAGR\\
China\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 965,080\tabcellsep 1,042,116\tabcellsep 1,246,308\tabcellsep 1,272,663\tabcellsep 1,383,062\tabcellsep 0.094132\\
Sri Lanka\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 1,475,038\tabcellsep 1,403,154\tabcellsep 1,528,519\tabcellsep 1,609,339\tabcellsep 1,321,899\tabcellsep -0.02703\\
Kenya\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 1,176,308\tabcellsep N/A\tabcellsep 1,218,162\tabcellsep 1,158,746\tabcellsep 830,921\tabcellsep -0.10941\\
India\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 865,427\tabcellsep 685,456\tabcellsep 816,055\tabcellsep 656,214\tabcellsep 677,933\tabcellsep -0.05922\\
United Emirates\tabcellsep Arab\tabcellsep N/A\tabcellsep 177,788\tabcellsep 309,139\tabcellsep 312,642\tabcellsep 325,891\tabcellsep 0.223836\\
Germany\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 227,114\tabcellsep 222,871\tabcellsep 250,827\tabcellsep 252,089\tabcellsep 212,085\tabcellsep -0.01697\\
Poland\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 141,864\tabcellsep 172,177\tabcellsep 208,849\tabcellsep 237,007\tabcellsep 180,799\tabcellsep 0.062505\\
UK\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 262,052\tabcellsep 194,881\tabcellsep 186,460\tabcellsep 153,556\tabcellsep 147,681\tabcellsep -0.13357\\
Indonesia\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 166,717\tabcellsep 156,741\tabcellsep 157,501\tabcellsep 134,584\tabcellsep 126,051\tabcellsep -0.06752\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{United States of America}\tabcellsep 73,737\tabcellsep 86,934\tabcellsep 97,262\tabcellsep 107,799\tabcellsep 110,245\tabcellsep 0.105779\\
World\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 7,124,583\tabcellsep 7,175,894\tabcellsep 8,024,858\tabcellsep 7,875,480\tabcellsep 6,638,334\tabcellsep -0.01752\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_7}Table 6 :}\end{figure}
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\end{document}
