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\title{Female Undergraduate's Students' Attitudes toward and Perceptions of Entrepreneurship Development (Comparison Public and Private Universities in Ethiopia)}
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             \author[1]{Emnet  Negash}

             \author[2]{Chalichissa  Amentie}

             \affil[1]{  Jimma University}

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\date{\small \em Received: 7 December 2013 Accepted: 5 January 2014 Published: 15 January 2014}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Female Entrepreneurship is considered an important tool for female empowerment and emancipation. The main objective of this study is to investigate female undergraduate students? attitudes toward and perceptions of entrepreneurship (Comparison Ethiopian Public and Private Universities). Entrepreneurship has become a crucial area to study and understand â??" especially with respect to, attitudes toward entrepreneur, motivations, constraints and consequences. Female undergraduates students are chosen for the current study is because they are at a period in their career development where they are considering different career routes and are therefore, a potential source of future female entrepreneurs. For this study, cross-sectional, descriptive and inferential designs study were used. For this study both primary and secondary data were used. To analysis data the researchers had used both qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques mainly descriptive analysis using percentages, tables and graphs. While for inferential statistics like distribution based analysis for nominal data type, chi-square, and multi-regression were used to test the statistically significant difference between variables and impacts of independent variables on dependent variable. The finding of the study identify that there were different barriers that affects female undergraduates for not entering into entrepreneurship. The major barriers expected were, the responsibility of running a business, lack of a ability to know how to access business information, difficult to obtain the finance necessary and lack of a good business idea as an inhibitor to entrepreneurship, lack of experience needed to run a business and lack of the business skills required to run their own business. Therefore, in order to change their worries from different barriers, entrepreneurship subject and training on entrepreneurs? successful characteristics are highly needed.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{female entrepreneurship, undergraduate students, attitude, ethiopian public and private universities.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
emale Entrepreneurship is considered an important tool for female empowerment and emancipation. It has been suggested by  {\ref Weeks (2007)} that women-led businesses can make a signi-Author ? ?: Department of Management, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia. e-mail: chalchiss@yahoo.com, negashemnet089@gmail.com ficant contribution to the economy. Allen, Langowitz, Elam and Dean (2007) further substantiated the importance of female entrepreneurial activity on economic development, finding investment in female entrepreneurship an important way for a country to exponentially increase the impact of new venture creation. Furthermore, they noted women are more inclined to share the benefits gained through entrepreneurship with members of their family and the wider community.\par
A national survey conducted by the Ethiopian Welfare Monitoring Unit  {\ref (2002)} shows, although women entrepreneurs contribute significantly to the national economy in terms of job creation, skills development and the alleviation of poverty among men and women alike, the literature clearly explains that small businesses and enterprises operated by women entrepreneurs are not being provided with adequate strategic support in terms of policy, access to finance, tax assessment, skills development and managerial training, technological transfer and infrastructural development  {\ref (Berhanu, Abraham \& Berg, 2007)}. Although SMEs operated by women cater for the poorest of the poor and make a sizeable contribution to the national economy, the level of support and recognition given to them has been minimal historically  {\ref (Mogues, 2004)}. Businesses and enterprises operated by women contribute for economic dynamism, diversification, productivity, competition, innovation and economic empowerment of the poorest of the poor.\par
According to a survey conducted in the Gullele sub-city of Addis Ababa illustrate, women in the cluster area estimated 39\% were self workers while men constitute the remaining 61\% were self workers (HK Hailu, 2010, P.53). Furthermore, as different past' report in Ethiopia shows, the majority of women had little education and find employment in the lower sections of the formal employment market. For example, in 1999/00 there were only 30.75\% of women in the Civil Sector ('Shadow Report' 2003, p. 14) among which the majority, 98.2\%, was concentrated in low status and low paying jobs (Aster et al 2002, p. 69). The level of Year ( ) A unemployment is higher for women than for men among any section of society. In 1998, the Bureau for Labor and Social Affairs estimated the percentage of female unemployed at 58.6 and for males 41.4 in Addis Ababa (Alemnesh 2001, p. 97). According to age group, the unemployment level is higher among women than men in the age group 15-19 years with 16.8 \% for women and 6.4\% for males. This percentage increases slightly among the age group 20-24 with 17.8\% of women and 7.4 \% of males (Teshome 2004, p. 27 cited in Indrawatie, 2011).\par
Additionally, as the result of study on women entrepreneurship in micro, small and medium enterprises was shows, the majority of businesses that failed were operated by women (78\%). Businesses that failed were characterized by inability in obtaining loans from formal money lending institutions such as commercial banks, inability to convert part of profit back into investment, poor managerial skills, shortage of technical skills, and low level of education. Businesses operated by women were 2.52 times more likely to fail in comparison with businesses operated by men (Eshetu and Zeleke, 2008, p.1).\par
The current research has been undertaken to examine female undergraduates' attitudes towards and perceptions of entrepreneurship. This is necessary in order to obtain more knowledge and a better understanding of why so few female undergraduates consider entrepreneurship as a career and majority of businesses that failed were operated by women. This is important as the topic of female entrepreneurship and in particular female undergraduates and their views on entrepreneurship is a seriously neglected and under developed research area. An examination of literature shows there is little known about their needs, motivations and reservations concerning business ownership. The reason why final year female undergraduates are chosen for the current study is because they are at a period in their career development where they are considering different career routes and are therefore, a potential source of future female entrepreneurs. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Literature Review a) Characteristics of Entrepreneurs}]{Literature Review a) Characteristics of Entrepreneurs}\par
Since there is no a universally acceptable definition of the entrepreneur, researchers have attempted to distinguish different factors that influence the individual towards entrepreneurship (Dyer, 1994). Efforts have been made to identify some of the attributes possessed by the entrepreneur  {\ref (Kao, 1990)}, and this referred to as the trait school of thought. Carson et al  {\ref (1995)} believed that entrepreneurial traits distinguish entrepreneurs from other groups in society. Delmar (2000) identified the most common of these traits as a need for achievement, internal locus of control, risktaking propensity, tolerance for ambiguity, over-optimism and the need for autonomy. These characteristics and traits have been acknowledged by many authors and are seen as an important factor when calculating a person's propensity towards entrepreneurship  {\ref (McClelland, 1961, Hawthorn and} {\ref Brearly, 1991;} {\ref Carson et al, 1995;} {\ref Garavan et al, 1997;} {\ref Morrison, 1998;} {\ref Rimmington and Williams, 2000)}. Gasse (1990) also believed motivation, energy and perseverance are important traits, with Plaschka (1990) including innovation as an important characteristic of the entrepreneur.  {\ref McCarthy (2000)} found risk-taking propensity to be associated with personality traits, subsequently arguing that research on traits is of extreme importance in any serious attempt to understand entrepreneurship. However, despite this, Delmar (2000) argued that with the exception of the need for achievement, it has been difficult to link any specific traits to entrepreneurial behavior.\par
The importance of examining entrepreneurial traits and characteristics in relation to the current research is to help establish the basic characteristics associated with the entrepreneur. However, not everyone agreed with the trait school of thought. Carson et al (1995) found four main criticisms of the trait approach: first, the inability to differentiate clearly between entrepreneurial small business owners and equally successful professional executives. Second, the assumption is that identifying the supposed key trait or characteristic of the entrepreneur. Third, is the lack of recognition of entrepreneurship as a continuously changing process in which the entrepreneur will also change. Finally, the lack of empirical evidence to connect entrepreneurial characteristics with actual entrepreneurial activity and the inability to acknowledge an individual's situation and the effect it has on new venture creation. Basically, the trait approach cannot be used alone to explain entrepreneurial behavior. Therefore, there is a need to look at what entrepreneurs do and why they do it (Martin et al, 1998). 
\section[{b) Female Entrepreneurship}]{b) Female Entrepreneurship}\par
It has been suggested by Weeks (2007) that women-led businesses can make a significant contribution to the economy. US statistics have shown that over the last twenty years women-owned businesses have grown at a rate of nearly two to one of other businesses and, interestingly, have made more of a significant impact on employment figures and revenue intake than is actually suggested by these figures (Centre for Women's Business Research, 2007). Allen, Langowitz, Elam and Dean (2007) further substantiated the importance of female entrepreneurial activity on economic development, finding investment in female entrepreneurship an important way for a country to exponentially increase the impact of new venture creation. Furthermore, they noted women are more entrepreneurship with members of their family and the wider community.\par
However, in Ethiopia the economy has yet to achieve substantial benefit from women led businesses as, in comparison with other countries, the level of female entrepreneurship is particularly low; for example in  {\ref Portugal}  \hyperref[b6]{Welter (2004)} has indicated that the participation of women in entrepreneurship has been hindered by the value that society places on women in employment, believing that as a result of past social norms women are still being stereotyped according to their gender thus limiting opportunities and creating occupational segregation.\par
Hisrich et al (1984) also acknowledged the difficulties that woman face when starting a business stating that the risk and effort entailed in starting a business from scratch is perhaps even greater for a woman entering a male dominated arena. Carter et al  {\ref (2007)} suggested that women lack finance and capital assets during the start-up period and argued that one of the key debates within female entrepreneurial research is how these barriers at the start-up stage affect the long-term business performance of women business owners.\par
In public: Jimma University, Addis Ababa University, and Wollege University while among private universities; Rift-Valley Universies at wollega and Adama Campus, Unity University at AA campus and New generation at Nekemte campus were taken as a sample of representative by convenience method with consideration of location of both private and public universities those found in the same cities to reduce cost.\par
And respondents were taken from selected Universities by disproportional method because of the size of students found in them are vary as follow. 
\section[{a) Model Specification}]{a) Model Specification}\par
In this study, the chi-square test for independence will be used to test for association. Cross tabulation was also done to show the distribution of respondents while multiple regression analysis the cause of factors on perception self -employment The above table depicts, 40.1\% of respondents responded that as their family discourage female students to start their own business and 44.7\% responded as their parents encourages them as they start their own business while 15.3\% of them responded as their parents were neutral. This reflects that as the majority of the parents encourage their female students as they start their own business in future.\par
Hence, the following hypothesis were developed to test whether there is independency between family background and discouraging female as they start small business.\par
Ho: parents background and discourage female students to start small business are independent.\par
Ha: parents background and discourage female students to start small business are not independent As per the chi-square test made, the result shows that equal to the significance level (p=0.05), since we cannot accept the null hypothesis. Thus, we conclude that there is a relationship between parents' background and discouraging female students as they start their own small business. This supports the finding of (Itani et al., 2011) that stated females receive no appreciation for their work and in most cases they are discouraged by their parents. 
\section[{b) Regression Analysis on Self-Employment Perception against Dependent Variable}]{b) Regression Analysis on Self-Employment Perception against Dependent Variable}\par
In linear multiple regression, adjusted R square (adj. R2) is usable rather than the simple R square, since the latter may overestimate the extent to which the researchers sample data explain the variance in the dependent variable, thereby indicating whether the model is good predictor of the dependent variables, partly because simple R square affected by the number of variables included in the model  {\ref (Meorgen, 2007, p.192)}.Therefore, in this study a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was computed at significant level of (p=0.00) in order to examine which constructs of factors or variables could be the most determinant variable to ensure self-employment perception.  The table 4.8 indicates the results on the relationship between media, educational system, career advisers, entrepreneurs that female students know and parents \&family against self-employment perception model. It is clear that this model has the adjusted R², .030 that shows 3 \% of the variation in self-employment perception is explained by this model. This model is statistically significant F (5, 417) =2.522, p <0.001. It is possible to conclude that there is sufficient evidence that implies negative linear relationship between parents and family (?= -0.107), career advisers (?= -0.047) and entrepreneurs that female students know (?= -0.013) with self-employment perception. While media (?=0.095) and educational system (?= 0.123) have positive relationship with self-employment perception.\par
Here, although, parents \& family has negative relationship with self-employment perception, both parents and family and educational system have statistically significant effect on self-employment perception factors when considered in this model. 
\section[{V.}]{V.} 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
While undertaking the present study it became evident there is very little known about female undergraduates and their views on entrepreneurship. Therefore, there is a need to gain more knowledge about the young educated women and thier views on entrepreneurship. It would also be of interest to do a comparative study of higher-level institutions across the different private and public universities, in order to see if there is any difference in attitude of the female undergraduate towards entrepreneurship depending on where the respondents are types of university situated. This would add more information to a seriously under researched topic by gaining an overall picture of the female undergraduate attitudes towards and perceptions of entrepreneurship.\par
However, different female undergraduate students have different attitudes towards self employment because of many different factors influence women perception to start their own small business.\par
Families play an important role in female entrepreneurship; this study reveal half of family female students discourage to start their own business while some parents encourages them as they start their own business.\par
Both female students in public Universities and private university college would like more entrepreneurial education/knowledge and were expressed the intention as they need entrepreneurial education to start a business. Majority of female students in both public Universities and private university college were expressed their intention as they need entrepreneurial education to start a business Minority of students expressed their immediate intentions after the completion of their degree course as they want to start their own business. While majority of them were want to continue further with their education, want to work with in a company and obtain a professional qualification and want work within a large company.\par
As this finding present that the student who expressed their wish to start their own small business in public Universities are no more different from female students those private Universities College want to start their own small business. Students with a strong favorable attitude toward self-employment would be more likely to develop strong self-employment perception. The motives for becoming an entrepreneur is not a clear cut situation but is rather a complex set of mixture of different factors\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: c) Obstacles to Female Entrepreneurship]} 
\caption{\label{tab_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.7419000757002271\textwidth}P{0.07850113550340651\textwidth}P{0.009008327024981075\textwidth}P{0.008364875094625284\textwidth}P{0.00643451930355791\textwidth}P{0.0012869038607115821\textwidth}P{0.004504163512490537\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{7}{l}{Model: SEI= ß0+ ß1 * (PF) + ß2 *(PEE) + ß3}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{*(CA) + ß4 *(EM) + ß5 *(M) +?}\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Independent Variables}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{? PF=parents and family}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{6}{l}{? PEE =Participation in entrepreneur education}\\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{? CA= career advisers}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{? EM= Entrepreneurs as model}\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{? M=Media}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Dependent Variable}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{7}{l}{? SEI=Self-employment perception (start your own}\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{business)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{6}{l}{ß0 is the intercept, ß1 and ß2 are the population}\\
\multicolumn{7}{l}{parameters and ? is the natural variation in the model.}\\
\multicolumn{7}{l}{The researchers tests for the significance of the linear}\\
\multicolumn{7}{l}{regression relationship between the dependent variable,}\\
and\tabcellsep the\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{independent}\tabcellsep variables,\tabcellsep by\tabcellsep testing\\
\multicolumn{7}{l}{unstandardized coefficients beta (B).If ß1 and ß2}\\
\multicolumn{7}{l}{relatively zero, there is no significant linear model or}\\
\multicolumn{7}{l}{relationship between the dependent variable, and the}\\
\multicolumn{7}{l}{independent variables . If ß1 and ß2 are not both equal}\\
\multicolumn{7}{l}{zero, a significant linear relationship or model does exist}\\
\multicolumn{7}{l}{between Y and the two independent variables (Neter et}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{al., 1993, cited in Brett, 2005, pp.62-63).}\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep IV.\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Data Analysis}\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{7}{l}{a) The Relationship between Family Background and}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{Female to Start Their Own Business}\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{6}{l}{Families play an important role in female}\\
\multicolumn{7}{l}{entrepreneurship; recent studies reveal two opposing}\\
\multicolumn{7}{l}{pictures in this respect. In some cases, families are very}\\
\multicolumn{7}{l}{supportive (Halkias, 2011 Muhammad A and, Dr. Amber}\\
\multicolumn{7}{l}{G,2011) and play an important and supportive role in}\\
\multicolumn{7}{l}{helping females to develop business ideas (Jamili,}\\
2009).\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 4 .}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
.8 : ANOVAb.\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 4}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter  			 \par
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