@incollection{,
	
					
					
					D98D66A322E6C45E4C1D5759B14C44B5
				,
	author={{Azouzi MohamedAli} and {HamzaFadhila} and {JarbouiAnis} and {University of Sfax}},
	journal={{Global Journal of Management and Business Research}},
	journal={{GJMBR}}2249-45880975-585310.34257/GJMBR,
	address={Cambridge, United States},
	publisher={Global Journals Organisation}13113144
}

@incollection{b0,
	
	
		,
	title={{The relation of managerial holdings with Tobin's Q and R&D expenditures: Evidence from Japanese firms}}
		,
	author={{
			FAbdullah
		} and {
			GWeiyu
		} and {
			MVivek
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Multinational Business Review}}
		
			10
			1
			
			,
	year={2002}
		
	

}

@incollection{b1,
	
	
		,
	title={{Managerial incentives and corporate investment and financing decisions}}
		,
	author={{
			AAgrawal
		} and {
			GMandelker
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Journal of Finance}}
		
			42
			
			,
	year={1987}
		
	

}

@book{b2,
	
	
		,
	title={{Creativity in context: Update to the social psychology of creativity}}
		,
	author={{
			TAmabile
		}}
		
			,
	year={1996}
			,
	publisher={Westview Press}
			,
	address={Boulder, Co}
		
	

}

@incollection{b3,
	
	
		,
	title={{The paradox of success: An archival and laboratory study of strategic persistence following radical environmental change}}
		,
	author={{
			PGAudia
		} and {
			EALocke
		} and {
			KGSmith
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Acad. Manage. J}}
		
			43
			
			,
	year={2000}
		
	

}

@book{b4,
	
	
		,
	title={{}}
		,
	author={{
			IBen-David
		} and {
			JGraham
		} and {
			GHarvey
		}}
		
		
		
			,
	year={2007}
		
	

}

@incollection{b5,
	
	
		,
	title={{Managerial Overconfidence and Corporate Policy}}
	
	
		,
	booktitle={{AFA 2007 Chicago Meeting Paper}}
				
			11
			
		
	

}

@incollection{b6,
	
	
		,
	title={{Does the use of peer groups contribute to higher pay and less efficient compensation?}}
		,
	author={{
			JMBizjak
		} and {
			MLLemmon
		} and {
			LNaveen
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{The Journal of Financial Economics}}
		
			90
			
			,
	year={2008}
		
	

}

@book{b7,
	
	
		,
	title={{Golden parachutes as managerial incentives}}
		,
	author={{
			JBrusa
		} and {
			WYLee
		} and {
			CShook
		}}
		
		
		
			,
	year={2007}
		
	
	,
	note={Working paper}

}

@book{b8,
	
	
		,
	title={{Optimisme et pessimisme comparatifs consécutifs à l'exposition à plusieurs messages menaçants. Revue européenne de psychologie appliquée}}
		,
	author={{
			JChappé
		} and {
			J.-FVerlhiac
		} and {
			TMeyer
		}}
		
		
		
			,
	year={2007. 2007}
			57
			
		
	

}

@book{b9,
	
	
		,
	title={{À la recherche du lien perdu entre caractéristiques des dirigeants et performance de la firme : gouvernance et latitude managériale}}
		,
	author={{
			Charreaux
		}}
		
			,
	year={2008}
			1080502
		
	
	,
	note={Cahier du FARGO}

}

@incollection{b10,
	
	
		,
	title={{Senior manager overconfidence, managerial discretion and dividend policy: A study of Chinese listed companies}}
		,
	author={{
			SChen
		} and {
			HZheng
		} and {
			SWu
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{African Journal of Business Management}}
		
			5
			32
			
			,
	year={2011}
		
	

}

@book{b11,
	
	
		,
	title={{The value of vesting restrictions on managerial sock and option holdings}}
		,
	author={{
			JChi
		} and {
			SAJohnson
		}}
		
		
			,
	year={2008}
		
	
	,
	note={Working Paper}

}

@incollection{b12,
	
	
		,
	title={{Ownership structure, investment, and the corporate value: an empirical analysis}}
		,
	author={{
			MHCho
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Journal of Financial Economics}}
		
			47
			1
			
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}

@book{b13,
	
	
		,
	title={{}}
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	author={{
			JLColes
		} and {
			NDDaniel
		} and {
			LNaveen
		}}
		
		
		
			,
	year={2006}
		
	

}

@incollection{b14,
	
	
		,
	title={{Managerial incentives and risk-taking}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Journal of Financial Economics}}
		
			79
			
		
	

}

@incollection{b15,
	
	
		,
	title={{Estimating the value of employee stock option portfolios and their sensitivities to price and volatility}}
		,
	author={{
			JECore
		} and {
			WRGuay
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Journal of Accounting Research}}
		
			40
			
			,
	year={2002}
		
	

}

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		,
	title={{Intrinsic motivation}}
		,
	author={{
			ELDeci
		}}
		
			,
	year={1975}
			,
	publisher={Plenum}
			,
	address={New York}
		
	

}

@book{b17,
	
	
		,
	title={{La communication engageante au service de la réduction de l'abstentionnisme électoral: une application en milieu universitaire}}
		,
	author={{
			JCDeschamps
		} and {
			RVEt Joule
		}}
		
		
			,
	year={2005}
			55
			
		
	
	,
	note={Revue européenne de psychologie appliquée}

}

@book{b18,
	
	
		,
	title={{Pay Daze: Linking pay to performance is harder than it looks}}
		,
	author={{
			ADodonova
		} and {
			YKhoroshilov
		}}
		
		
		
			,
	year={2006. 2006}
		
	
	,
	note={Optimal Incentive Contracts for Don Durfee}

}

@incollection{b19,
	
	
		,
	title={{Do corporate boards affect firm performance? New evidence from the financial crisis}}
		,
	author={{
			BFrancis
		} and {
			IHasan
		} and {
			QWu
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Bank of Finland Research Discussion Papers}}
		
			11
			2012
			,
	year={2012}
		
	

}

@incollection{b20,
	
	
		,
	title={{Agency costs and innovation: Some empirical evidence}}
		,
	author={{
			JFrancis
		} and {
			ASmith
		}}
		
	
	
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			19
			2-3
			
			,
	year={1995}
		
	

}

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		,
	title={{}}
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	author={{
			SGervais
		} and {
			JBHeaton
		} and {
			TOdean
		}}
		
		
		
			,
	year={2003}
		
	

}

@book{b22,
	
	
		,
	title={{}}
		,
	author={{
			Overconfidence
		}}
		
		
			University of Pennsylvania, PA
		
	

}

@incollection{b23,
	
	
		,
	title={{Global Journal of Management and Business Research Volume XIII Issue XI Version I 22}}
		,
	author={{
			TGilovich
		} and {
			DGriffin
		} and {
			DKahneman
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	booktitle={{French and other perspectives in praxeology}}
				,
	editor={
			VAlexandre
			WAsparski
		}
		Cambridge, UK; NJ
		
			,
	publisher={Transaction Publishers}
			,
	year={2002. 2005}
			12
			
		
	
	,
	note={Action and Commitment theory}

}

@book{b24,
	
	
		,
	title={{Promouvoir la pratique physique chez les étudiants: communication}}
		,
	author={{
			FGirandola
		} and {
			FMichelik
		} and {
			R.-VJoule
		}}
		
		
		
			,
	year={2008}
		
	
	,
	note={et communication engageante}

}

@book{b25,
	
	
		,
	title={{4ème Journées de la prévention INPES, 10-11 avril}}
				Paris (France
		
	

}

@incollection{b26,
	
	
		,
	title={{Managerial traits and capital structure decisions}}
		,
	author={{
			DHackbarth
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{J. Finan. Quant. Anal}}
		
			43
			
			,
	year={2008}
		
	

}

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	title={{Top Management Team Size, CEO Dominance, and Firm Performance: The Moderating Roles of}}
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	author={{
			JHaleblian
		} and {
			SFinkelstein
		}}
		
		
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	year={1993}
		
	

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@incollection{b28,
	
	
		,
	title={{Environmental Turbulence and Discretion}}
	
	
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	journal={{Acad. Manage. J}}
		
			36
			4
			
		
	

}

@incollection{b29,
	
	
		,
	title={{Managerial Discretion: A Bridge between Polar Views of Organizational Outcomes}}
		,
	author={{
			DCHambrick
		} and {
			SFinkelstein
		}}
		
	
	
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	journal={{Research in Organizational Behavior}}
		
			9
			
			,
	year={1987}
		
	

}

@incollection{b30,
	
	
		,
	title={{Assessing the Amount of Managerial Discretion In Different Industries}}
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	author={{
			DCHambrick
		} and {
			EAbrahamson
		}}
		
	
	
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	journal={{Acad. Manage. J}}
		
			38
			
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	year={1995}
		
	

}

@incollection{b31,
	
	
		,
	title={{Investor's Commitment Bias and Escalation of Firm's investment decision}}
		,
	author={{
			FHamza
		} and {
			AJarboui
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Economia. Seria Management}}
		
			15
			2
			
			,
	year={2012. 2012}
		
	

}

@incollection{b32,
	
	
		,
	title={{Resolving the agency problems of external capital through option}}
		,
	author={{
			RHaugen
		} and {
			LSenbet
		}}
		
	
	
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	journal={{The Journal of Finance}}
		
			36
			
			,
	year={1981}
		
	

}

@incollection{b33,
	
	
		,
	title={{Agency costs and innovation}}
		,
	author={{
			BHolmstrom
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{The Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization}}
		
			12
			
			,
	year={1989}
		
	

}

@incollection{b34,
	
	
		,
	title={{Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure}}
		,
	author={{
			MCJensen
		} and {
			WHMeckling
		}}
		
	
	
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	journal={{Journal of Financial Economics}}
		
			3
			
			,
	year={1976}
		
	

}

@book{b35,
	
	
		,
	title={{How can people be induced to willingly change their behavior? The path from persuasive communication to committing communication}}
		,
	author={{
			RVJoule
		} and {
			FGirandola
		} and {
			FBernard
		}}
		
		
		
			,
	year={2007}
		
	
	,
	note={Social and Personality}

}

@incollection{b36,
	
	
		,
	title={{Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk}}
		,
	author={{
			DKahneman
		} and {
			ATversky
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Econometrica}}
		
			47
			
			,
	year={1979}
		
	

}

@incollection{b37,
	
	
		,
	title={{The volatility and price sensitivities of managerial stock option portfolios and corporate hedging}}
		,
	author={{
			JDKnopf
		} and {
			JNam
		} and {
			JH JThornton
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Journal of Finance}}
		
			57
			
			,
	year={2002}
		
	

}

@incollection{b38,
	
	
		,
	title={{The complexity of compensation contracts}}
		,
	author={{
			SKole
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{The Journal of Financial Economics}}
		
			43
			
			,
	year={1997}
		
	

}

@incollection{b39,
	
	
		,
	title={{Innnovation and incentives: Evidence from corporate R&D}}
		,
	author={{
			JLerner
		} and {
			JWulf
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Review of Economics and Statistics}}
		
			89
			
			,
	year={2007}
		
	

}

@incollection{b40,
	
	
		,
	title={{CEO Hubris and Firm Risk Taking in China: The Moderating Role of Managerial Discretion}}
		,
	author={{
			JTLi
		} and {
			YTang
		}}
		
	
	
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	journal={{Acad. Manage. J}}
		
			53
			1
			
			,
	year={2010}
		
	

}

@book{b41,
	
	
		,
	title={{Motivating innovation. Working paper}}
		,
	author={{
			GManso
		}}
		
			,
	year={2007}
		
		
			MIT Sloan School of Management
		
	

}

@incollection{b42,
	
	
		,
	title={{Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning}}
		,
	author={{
			JMarch
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{The Organization Science}}
		
			2
			
			,
	year={1991}
		
	

}

@incollection{b43,
	
	
		,
	title={{Issues in learning and motivation}}
		,
	author={{
			JCMccullers
		}}
	
	
		,
	booktitle={{the hidden costs of reward}}
				,
	editor={
			MRLepper
			DGreene
		}
		Hillside, NJ
		
			,
	publisher={Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}
			,
	year={1978}
		
	

}

@incollection{b44,
	
	
		,
	title={{Issues in learning and motivation}}
		,
	author={{
			KOMcgraw
		}}
	
	
		,
	booktitle={{The hidden costs of reward}}
				,
	editor={
			MRLepper
			DGreene
		}
		Hillside, NJ
		
			,
	publisher={Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}
			,
	year={1978}
		
	

}

@incollection{b45,
	
	
		,
	title={{Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment to the Organization: A Meta-analysis of Antecedents, Correlates, and Consequences}}
		,
	author={{
			J PMeyer
		} and {
			D JStanley
		} and {
			LHerscovitch
		} and {
			LTopolnytsky
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Journal of Vocational Behavior}}
		
			61
			
			,
	year={2002}
		
	

}

@incollection{b46,
	
	
		,
	title={{A Treecomponent conceptualitazation of organizational commitment}}
		,
	author={{
			JPMeyer
		} and {
			NJAllen
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Human Resource Management Review}}
		
			1
			
			,
	year={1991}
		
	

}

@incollection{b47,
	
	
		,
	title={{Becoming the boss: Discretion and postsuccession success in family firms}}
		,
	author={{
			JRMitchell
		} and {
			TAHart
		} and {
			SValcea
		} and {
			DMTownsend
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Entrep. Theory Pract}}
		
			33
			6
			
			,
	year={2009}
		
	

}

@incollection{b48,
	
	
		,
	title={{Why do firms use incentives that have no incentive effects?}}
		,
	author={{
			POyer
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{The Journal of Finance}}
		
			59
			
			,
	year={2004}
		
	

}

@incollection{b49,
	
	
		,
	title={{Empirical evidence on the relation between stock option compensation and risk taking}}
		,
	author={{
			SRajgopal
		} and {
			TShevlin
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Journal of Accounting & Economics}}
		
			33
			
			,
	year={2002}
		
	

}

@incollection{b50,
	
	
		,
	title={{Stock-option packages spur risky CEO behavior; CEOs have less incentive to carefully analyze risk}}
		,
	author={{
			BReed
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Network World Fusion}}
		
			,
	year={2007}
		
	

}

@incollection{b51,
	
	
		,
	title={{Shaping perceptions to motivate healthy behavior: The role of message framing}}
		,
	author={{
			AJRothman
		} and {
			PSalovey
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Psychological Bulletin}}
		
			121
			
			,
	year={1997}
		
	

}

@book{b52,
	
	
		,
	title={{Loss Aversion, Instant Endowment and Risk-Bearing: The Relation between Stock-Based}}
		,
	author={{
			KMSawers
		} and {
			AWright
		} and {
			VZamora
		}}
		
		
		
			,
	year={2006}
		
	

}