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\title{Affective Commitment : An Empirical Study of Executive and Non-executive Bank Employees AffectiveCommitmentAnEmpiricalStudyofExecutiveandNonexecutiveBankEmployees}
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\begin{document}

             \author[1]{shabnam  zaffar}

             \affil[1]{  University of Kashmir}

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\date{\small \em Received: 6 December 2012 Accepted: 4 January 2013 Published: 15 January 2013}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


Loyalty to a social unit?, has been a concern of managers in many countries.The objective of this study is to gauge the level of affective commitment among executive and nonexecutive bank employees, and to study if, there is significant difference in their affective commitment to their banks. The focus resides on the loyalty, identity, membership and involvement of the employee with their bank. The results of the study unfold that the executives possess the high level affective commitmentthan non â??"executives and t â??"test reveals thatthere is statistically significant difference between these two groups.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{organisational commitment, affective commitment, normative commitment and continuance commitment}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
mployees who are committed to their organisations are happy to be its members, believe in and feel good for the organisation. Employees with high organisational commitment level goes beyond the normal requirement of the job, such as helping co-workers with job related problems, tolerating temporary impositions without complaint and cooperating in times of crises. Research suggests that employees who exhibit organisational commitment are happier at their work, spend less time away from their jobs and are less likely to leave their organisation. Therefore, concern for the organisation is an important aspect for judging organisational commitment level of employees \hyperref[b5]{(George and Jones, 2002)}.\par
Organisational commitment is job related attitude which is of considerable significance to the organisation and varies across countries. One study of workers in Saudi Arabia found that Asians working there were more committed to the organisation than were westerners and Arab Workers(Al-Meer, 1989). Another study revealed that American workers displayed higher affective commitment than did Korean and Japanese workers  {\ref (Nelson, 2003)}.\par
High committed employees show emotional attachment and loyalty to the organisation and get actively involved, are pivotal variables without which the inanimate assets are worthless, identify goals and values of the organisation and display greater organisational citizenship behaviours and reduced absenteeism and turnover  {\ref (Jamieson et al.1996} {\ref : Watson \& Papamacros,2002)}. \hyperref[b3]{Rousseau (1997)} argued that there is reason to believe that the concept of commitment may be less important to employees and employees today than it once was. The unwritten loyalty contract that existed 30 years ago between employees and employers has been seriously damaged, and the notion of employees staying with a single organisation for most of their career has become increasingly irrelevant.\par
Allen and Mayer (1990) differentiated organisation commitment into three components: affective commitment, normative commitment and continuance commitment. Affective commitment refers to employees' perception of their emotional attachments to their organisations and their goals. Employees with high affective commitment to organisations have strong motivation to contribute to the organisation goals because they see them as theirs. Continuance Commitment represents cognitive attachment between employees and their organisations because of the costs associated with leaving the organisation. It is based on the assumption that individuals do not leave an organisation if they would lose their benefits, take a pay cut, incur job search expenses and risk of being unemployed. Finally, normative commitment refers to typical feeling of obligation to remain with an organisation.\par
In general, affective commitment seems more strongly related to organisational outcomes than the other two commitment dimensions \hyperref[b4]{(Dunham, et al., 1994)}. A review of 27 studies suggested that the relation between commitment and performance is strongest for the new employees, and is considerably weaker for more experienced employees,  {\ref (Wright and Bonett, 2002)}.\par
Affective commitment is defined as the employee's positive emotional attachment to the organisation. An employee who is affectively committed to the organisation desires to remain a part of the organisation. This employee commits to the organisation because he /she want to. This commitment can be influenced by many different demographic characteristics: age, tenure, sex, and education,but theses influences are neither strong nor consistent. The problem with these characteristics is that while they can be seen, they cannot be clearly defined. Positive relationships between tenure and commitment may be designation related differences in job status  {\ref (Allen and} Affective Commitment : An Empirical Study of Executive and Non-executive Bank Employees Authors ? ?:\par
. e-mail: dew.zaffar@gmail.com  
\section[{Hypothesis}]{Hypothesis}\par
Affective commitments of executives and nonexecutives bank employees vary significantly. 
\section[{IV.}]{IV.} 
\section[{Methodology}]{Methodology}\par
The universe for this study has been the 417 bank employees of four banks (JKB, SBI, and PNB \& HDFC) of Kashmir Valley. Data we collected through random sampling procedure. Affective commitment questionnaire developed by Allen and Meyer (1986)) with modifications was used for the purpose of collecting data from the respondents. The affective commitment was measured on a 5-point satisfactiondissatisfaction scale. The tools of analysis include mean, standard deviation \&t-test.\par
V. 
\section[{Results and Discussion}]{Results and Discussion}\par
The present study is aimed at examining the level of affective commitment of executives and nonexecutives of banking sector in Kashmir Valley. The data obtained on the measures of affective commitment is presented in Table \hyperref[tab_1]{1}.1 and 1.2, based on six items of affective commitment scale developed by  {\ref Allen and Meyer (1896)}. An analysis of overall mean scores across all the items in Table \hyperref[tab_1]{1}.1 reveals that employees of banking sector express positive views. The ratings with respect to the most of the items are skewed positively of the scale. The perceptions have been scored on a 5point scale.  \hyperref[tab_1]{1}.2 below offers a relative profile of affective commitment of employees on the basis of their designation i.e., executives and non-executives. An average composite mean score of 3.68 and 3.35 respectively for executives and non-executives clearly indicates that executives exhibit higher affective commitment than non-executives. The results of T-test reveals that the mean difference exist (p<.05).  
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
The banking industry plays the role as a financial supplier to enterprises in the entire economy. And under the impacts of global capital flows as well as the rising demand of consumers for service quality, the banking industry has transformed itself from a "golden bowl" industry to service industry. Therefore, whether human capital can work to effectuate organisational performance in reaction to changes in the entire economic environment is potentially the greatest challenge for an organisation and its members (Ming et al., 2011). Therefore it is assumed that selecting employee who have high level of affective commitment may have a positive impact on the extent to which an organisation succeeds in retaining its most critical asset i.e., workforce. Based on the results of the study, it is possible to state that the employees who have high designation are having affective commitment for his bank as compare to non-executives.\par
Despite the merits of this study, there are limitations that must be addressed. Because of our limited sample size, it may be hard to generalise the results of the study. Although the employees sampled in our study were similar in many respects, there must be some important differences in terms of their motivational bases.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.39554455445544556\textwidth}P{0.13886138613861387\textwidth}P{0.13675742574257427\textwidth}P{0.17042079207920793\textwidth}P{0.008415841584158416\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Affective Commitment}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep STATEMENTS\tabcellsep N\tabcellsep M SD\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{d}\tabcellsep be very happy to spend the res\tabcellsep 417 3.92 1.22\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{reer with this organization}\\
y\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{discussing my organization with}\tabcellsep 417 3.97 1.11\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{e outside it}\\
y\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{feel as if this organization's prob}\tabcellsep 417 4.12 1.12\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{y own.}\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{ot feel 'emotionally attached' to th}\tabcellsep 417 1.72 0.81\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{ization(R).}\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{rganization has great deal of pers}\tabcellsep 417 3.82 1.190\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{ng for me.}\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{o t feel a strong sense of belongin}\tabcellsep 417 3.54 1.190\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{ganization.(R)}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Table\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.5527871621621622\textwidth}P{0.07466216216216216\textwidth}P{0.03589527027027027\textwidth}P{0.04307432432432433\textwidth}P{0.03876689189189189\textwidth}P{0.07609797297297297\textwidth}P{0.028716216216216218\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Executives Non -executives}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Statements\tabcellsep SD\tabcellsep \tabcellsep SD\tabcellsep \tabcellsep p\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{be very happy to spend the rest of my career with this organiza 4.27}\tabcellsep .97\tabcellsep 3.58\tabcellsep 1.34\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{6.001 <0.05}\\
d y discussing my organization with people outside it\tabcellsep 4.14\tabcellsep 1.06\tabcellsep 3.81\tabcellsep 1.13\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{3.020 <0.05}\\
y feel as if this organization's problems are my own.\tabcellsep 4.39\tabcellsep .96\tabcellsep 3.86\tabcellsep 1.19\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{4.971 <0.05}\\
ot feel 'emotionally attached' to this organization (R).\tabcellsep 1.56\tabcellsep .65\tabcellsep 1.88\tabcellsep .99\tabcellsep -4.02\tabcellsep <0.05\\
rganization has great deal of personal meaning for me.\tabcellsep 4.07\tabcellsep 1.14\tabcellsep 3.58\tabcellsep 1.19\tabcellsep -4.02\tabcellsep <0.05\\
ot feel a strong sense of belonging to my organization.(R)\tabcellsep 3.69\tabcellsep 1.47\tabcellsep 3.38\tabcellsep 1.33\tabcellsep 4.33\tabcellsep <0.05\\
posite affective commitment score\tabcellsep 3.68\tabcellsep 0.62\tabcellsep 3.35\tabcellsep 0.59\tabcellsep 5.731\tabcellsep 0.000\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\bibitem[Allen and Meyer ()]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		‘A threecomponent Conceptualization of Organisational Commitment: Some methodological considerations’.  		 			N J Allen 		,  		 			J P Meyer 		.  	 	 		\textit{Human Resource Review}  		2006. 1 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Jameison and Richards (ed.) ()]{b6}\label{b6} 	 		\textit{Commitment in the Workplace; Theory, Research \& application},  		 			D Jameison 		,  		 			T Richards 		.  		Sage 8. Nelson, L. and, Cooper, C. (ed.)  		1996. 2007. Newburg Park A; Washington DC: Sage Publications.  	 	 (Positive Organisational Behaviour) 
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\end{document}